2017 March 7th German-Bulgarian Workshop on Waste Management Concepts & Technologies Carsten Spohn German Association of Waste-to-Energy Plants ITAD e.v. Energy recovery from waste Circular Economy meets Energy Union
about ITAD German Association of Waste-to-Energy Plants (est. 1999) Incinerators (MSWI) and Refuse Derived Fuel Incinerators (RDFI) Our members operate / own 80 WtE plants with ~ 7.000 employees Offering 90% of German incineration capacity Private, Public and PPP (mixed) companies ITAD-topics Technology Recovery of Residues Sustainability Communication Legal and Taxes
History Waste incineration was common in the Roman Empire After downfall of the Roman Empire waste incineration falls into oblivion Plague and Cholera in the middle ages Collection of municipal waste in the cities in the 16th century (landfilling outside the cities) First waste incinerator Destructor in Nottingham 1874 Waste incineration in Germany started end of 19th century Hamburg 1894
Purpose of WtE plants Volume reduction Sanitation Permanent elimination of pollutants from cycle of materials Minimisation of emissions Efficient use of the energy content of waste (for households and industry) Contribution to climate protection (substitution of fossil fuels) Contribution to sustainable waste management (recovery of metals from bottom ash and reuse of bottom ash as secondary raw material)
Installations in Germany today MSWI MVA 66 MSWI 19,9 Mio. Mg average age: 19,5 years EBS-KW 35 RDFI 5,4 Mio. Mg average age: 8,5 years Co-Incineration Co-Incineration ~ 33 cement and lime 3,1 Mio. Mg (2014) ~ 11 coal fired powerplant 1,1 Mio. Mg (2013) source: Prognos, Würzburg Sept. 2016 5
Plant overview A WtE incinerates the waste, then recovers its energy, metals and mineralic contents and finally cleans the flue gas Waste Delivery and storage Incineration, steam generating Energy Recovery Flue Gas Cleaning
Emissions Operational Emission Values compared to Limit Values dust Emission limits for WtE are the strictest of any combustion industry Annual load negligible compared to other sources Dioxins emitted from Energy-from-Waste are not an issue, stated the German Environment Ministry in 2005
Residues Dust 10-30 kg Salts 5-20 kg 1000 kg waste combustion and boiler Wet Flue Gas Cleaning Activated carbon reactor (Semi) Dry Flue Gas Cleaning Bottom ash 200-300 kg Boiler Ash 5-10kg Solid APC residues (40-70) 50-90 kg spent activated carbon 2-5 kg recovery of metals secondary raw mineral salt mines landfill for hazardous waste salt mines landfill for hazardous waste incineration regeneration Incineration Residues APC (Air Pollution Control) Residues
Waste input Waste type Million tonnes Household Waste 12.23 RDF/pretreated 7.26 Other MSW 0.95 Hazardous Waste 0.32 Sewage Slugde 0.2 Other Waste 2.39 Total 23.35
Thermal Recycling 5 mio. t minerals 500.000 t ferrous metal recovery rate: 82 % 60.000 t non-ferrous metal recovery rate: 56 % High Quality secondary raw material (pollutants/adhesions removed in the incineration) Source: Kuchta, Enzner - EdDE-Dokumentation 17 10
Energy Recovery from waste Different energy recovery routes for biodegradable waste, municipal solid waste and similar commercial waste established in Germany Biomass incineration (e.g. wood, waste wood etc.) Anaerobic digestion and fermentation of wet biomass (waste) Waste-to-Energy plants (WtE-plants) Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) Mono-Incineration of refuse derived fuel (RDF-incineration) Co-Incineration of solid recovered fuel (SRF) Cement and lime kilns Coal fired power plants
Energy produced and exported MSWI & RDFI
CO 2 balance MSWI & RDFI net climate effect 2015 CO 2eq emissions waste inputs mass [t] emission factor [t CO 2eq /t waste] sum [t CO 2eq ] Houshold Waste 12.230.000 0,315 3.852.450 RDF 7.260.000 0,468 3.397.680 other waste 3.860.000 0,446 1.721.560 23.350.000 0,384 8.971.690 (weighted average) emissions of imported energy (estimate) 200.000 energy outputs CO 2eq savings (german energy mix) amount [MWh] substitution [t CO 2eq / MWh] sum [t CO 2eq ] Electricity (produced) 10.130.000-0,806-8.164.780 Process Steam (export) 13.210.000-0,360-4.755.600 District Heating (exp.) 8.310.000-0,296-2.459.760 total 31.650.000-0,486-15.380.140 subsitution by metal recovery from bottom ash -1.170.000 net emissions -7.378.450 Sources: Bilitewski (2011), UBA (2014), EdDE, own calculations
CO 2 balance MSWI & RDFI net climate effect 2015 waste inputs CO 2eq emissions mass [t] emission factor [t CO 2eq /t waste] sum [t CO 2eq ] Houshold Waste 12.230.000 0,315 3.852.450 RDF 7.260.000 0,468 3.397.680 other waste 3.860.000 0,446 1.721.560 23.350.000 0,384 8.971.690 (weighted average) emissions of imported energy (estimate) 200.000 energy outputs CO 2eq savings (german energy mix) amount [MWh] substitution [t CO 2eq / MWh] sum [t CO 2eq ] Electricity (produced) 10.130.000-0,806-8.164.780 Process Steam (export) 13.210.000-0,360-4.755.600 District Heating (exp.) 8.310.000-0,296-2.459.760 total 31.650.000-0,486-15.380.140 subsitution by metal recovery from bottom ash -1.170.000 net emissions -7.378.450 net avoided emissions: 7,4 million tonnes CO 2eq = 0,316 t CO 2eq /t waste +avoided by not landfilling 15,3 million tonnes CO 2eq = 0,660 t CO 2eq /t waste balance compared to landfilling 22,7 million tonnes CO 2eq = ~ 1 t CO 2eq /t waste Sources: Bilitewski (2011), UBA (2014), EdDE, own calculations
Energy Union Integrated development where possible Waste-to-Energy Plant Wastewater- Treatment Plant gas & heat storage power heat Industry Biogas Solar Wind Power to Gas
Co-incineration in Germany today MSWI MVA 66 MSWI 19,9 Mio. Mg average age: 19,5 years EBS-KW 35 RDF 5,4 Mio. Mg average age: 8,5 years Co-Incineration Co-Incineration ~ 33 cement and lime 3,1 Mio. Mg (2014) ~ 11 coal fired powerplant 1,1 Mio. Mg (2013) source: Prognos, Würzburg Sept. 2016 16
Co-incineration in cement kilns
Co-incineration in cement kilns (II)
Co-incineration in cement kilns (IIî) Specific SRF Quality RDF Simple quality control Extended quality control Minimum quality control Thermal Substitution Rate (TSR)
Co-incineration LCP hardcoal-fired power plant RDF Input Control Sorting Output silo metals minerals, rejects electr. output 770 MWel thermal capacity 1.500 MW net efficiency 39,3 % thermal capacity RDF 150 MW (10%) RDF throughput 32 t/h 240.000 t/a NCV RDF 17 MJ/kg RDF hard coal Combustion Boiler EP FGC DENOX bottom ash fly ash gypsum water treatment fiter cake
Co-incineration LCP (II) boiler hard coal RDF rejects Electrostatic Pressipitator Flue Gas Cleaning Scrubber DENOX Waste Water Treatment air air bottom ash
Co-incineration LCP (III)
Waste to Energy and Recycling go hand in hand Circular Economy meets Energy Union (I) Municipal waste treatment in Europe in 2015 (data: Eurostat, graph: cewep) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 44 50 55 44 64 51 58 37 33 47 39 45 45 61 40 30 32 33 21 15 12 25 18 31 31 10 9 25 2 12 12 21 19 19 1 15 17 3 12 54 43 45 50% 18 6 40% 27 56 50 35 35 27 21 74 76 79 80 81 82 83 88 30% 20% 10% 28 50 45 54 35 48 38 17 18 26 28 34 39 42 49 53 55 56 59 60 Landfill (%) Waste-to-Energy (%) Recycling + composting (%) 46 54 49 0% 1 1 1 1 2 4 8 3
CIRCULAR ECONOMY MEETS ENERGY UNION (II)
2017 March 7th German-Bulgarian Workshop on Waste Management Concepts & Technologies Thank you for listening. Further questions? Contact us! itad.de info@itad.de Peter-Müller-Straße 16a 40468 Düsseldorf +49 (0) 211 93 67 609 0