First Pan-African Conference on the Continent s Transformation and Emergence Towards Efficient use of ICT (e-governance) as a Tool of Transformation and Emergence Process Dr. Jabiri Kuwe Bakari (Chief Executive Officer) e-government Agency (ega) - Tanzania Kinshasa - Democratic Republic of Congo 18-20 November 2013 1
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. e-governance as a Tool for Transformations 3. What can be Done and Where to Start 4. Emerging Issues 5. Possible Way Forward
Stone, Iron, Industry, Information Age! The world has now moved from natural resources to information economy
ICT in a nutshell Applications Operating system Hardware Ethical/Culture Legal/Contractual Administrational Managerial Operational Procedural Mechanical/Electronic Store Process Collect Database (Various business records etc. ) Communi cate Software (Operating systems, Application software) set of instructions ICT Communi cate Ethical/Culture Legal/Contractual Administrational Managerial Operational Procedural Mechanical/Electronic Store Process Collect Database (Various business records etc. ) Applications Operating system Hardware Valuable asset of organizations-information 4 Valuable asset of organizations-information
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. e-governance as a Tool for Transformations 3. What can be Done and Where to Start 4. Emerging Issues 5. Possible Way Forward
2.1 e-governance explained e-governance Application of electronic means in the interaction between government and citizens and government and businesses, as well as internal government operations to simplify and improve democratic, government and business aspects of governance.
E-Governance explained (Cont ) e-government is a form of e-business in governance and refers to the processes and structures needed to deliver electronic services to the public (citizens and businesses), collaborate with business partners and to conduct electronic transactions within a Government Department e-democracy refers to the processes and structures that encompass all forms of electronic interaction between the Government ( elected ) and the citizen (electorate) To provide citizens with access to information and knowledge about the political process, services and choices available. To make possible the transition from passive information access to active citizen participation by: Informing, Representing, Encouraging, Consulting and Involving the citizens.
Internal Processes External Processes Satisfied Business community Satisfied citizens G2C G2B Shared Resources (Data Centres, Connectivity, etc Public getting various services through Various platform/ service providers / operators Government Cloud Improved, LAN, Apps, Governance End user support G2G Government Departments
2.2 e-governance Stages Gartner, an international e-business research consultancy firm, has formulated a four-phase e-governance model. The model serves as a reference for governments to position itself in the overall evolution of an e- governance strategy. Increasing value to Citizen / Business Phase Transformation Phase Transaction Phase Information Phase Interaction Increasing complexity Figure 2: E-governance Maturity Model(Gartner, 2000)
Phase 1: Information Being present on the web Providing the external public (G2C and G2B) with relevant information. The value to the public is that government information is publicly accessible; processes are described and thus become more transparent, which improves democracy and service. Phase 2: Interaction The interaction between government and the public (G2C and G2B) is stimulated with various applications. People can ask questions via e-mail, use search engines for information and are able to download all sorts of forms and documents.
Tanzania Gov Portal www.gov.go.tz 11
Phase 3: Transaction The complexity of the technology is increasing, but customer (G2C and G2B) value will also be higher. G2G processes have to be re-designed to provide quality services. Transactions can be done without visit to government office. Phase 4: Transformation All information systems are integrated and the public can get services at one (virtual) counter. The ultimate goal: One single point of contact for Government services Changing how governments work, share information, and deliver services to external and internal clients
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. e-governance as a Tool for Transformations 3. What can be Done and Where to Start 4. Emerging Issues 5. Possible Way Forward
3.1 e-governance Implementation Approach Think big vision and objectives of e -governance. Start small To create instant success and keep a positive driving force, both internally and externally. - SMART: simple, measurable, accountable, realistic and time-related.
3.1.1 Lessons Learned From Emerging Countries
1990 Malaysia e-government Road Map 2020 Vision 6 th M P NIT Council th MP 1996 Development of ICT talents Infrastructure and Apps National IT Agenda Multimedia university Multimedia Super Corridor World class hub for cutting edge ICT apps 8 th MP Nation Broadband plan 2005 Malay info communication multimedia services blue print M-Apps, Internet Broadcasting Multimedia Super Corridor Prioritized National multipurpose card, Tele-health, smart school, technopreneurship 9 th MP 2006 Implementation of Malay info communication multimedia services blue print Expansion of communication network Development of cyber cities Fostering Bioinformatics Enhance ICT skills and ICT security
10 th MP (2010) The target: to achieve a high income and developed nation in just 10 years. ICT as a key growth engine Identify and support the development of niche areas in software and e-solutions, creative multimedia, shared services, outsourcing and as well as e-business. Promote the use of ICT in all industries in parallel with the development of the ICT sector. Education and training prioritized to meet the human resource requirements in this sector.
3.1.2 Sharing Tanzania e-government Experience
ICT Evolution in Tanzania 1960 s 1970 s 1980 s 1965,the first computer (ICL 1970s, ICL and NCR only computer vendors 1980s, Ban on Computer importation lifted 1900), Ministry of Finance in the country 1960 s 1970 s The 1980 s coming of micro computers, Mainframe 1965,the computers first computer (ICL 1974, 1970s, 7 ICL computers and NCR only in computer the country, vendors Failure 1980s, Ban on Computer importation lifted 1900), Ministry of Finance in the country The obsolescence of existing resulted into heavy financial loss The coming computers, of micro computers, Mainframe computers 1974, 7 computers in the country, Failure Lack of Qualified Indigenous resulted into heavy financial loss The obsolescence of existing Collapse of the East African Personnel computers, Lack of Qualified Indigenous Community Personnel Collapse of the East African Uncoordinated Planning Community 1974, Computer Uncoordinated importation Planning banned. 1974, Computer importation banned. 1990 s 1990 s 2000 s 2010,s 2010,s 1997,Started an ICT policy 2000,e-ThinkTank launched 2012,eGA establishment 1997,Started an ICT policy 2000,e-ThinkTank launched 2012,eGA establishment development process 2001,First attempts to initiate ICT Policy 2012,e-government strategy published development 1997,Published process 2012,e-government strategy published a process 2012,eGA Strategic Plan 1997,Published telecommunications policy a 2003 2013 on-going 2012,eGA e-government Strategic Plan initiatives Proliferation of PC, (10 strategic pillars) 2013 on-going e-government initiatives telecommunications policy National ICT policy (10 strategic pillars) Shared Infrastructure (GovNet, Server clusters) Microsoft suites usage Proliferation of internet, websites, Microsoft Proliferation of PC, Proliferation of internet, websites, Various Shared IT Shared Services (Government Infrastructure mail system) suites usage initiatives Various silos but IT in initiatives silos e- Services (Government portal, e-recruitment System, Shared Services Lack No coordination of implementation standards Mobile Apps) Draft Lack e-government of implementation strategy standards Draft e-government strategy System, Mobile Apps) e- Services (Government portal, e-recruitment
1995 2003 2010 2011 National Vision 2025 MKUKUTA 5 years Development Plan National ICT Policy ICT use for improving public service delivery, teaching and learning, manufacturing etc Transforming Tanzania into a middle-income country by 2025. ICT is one of 5 core priorities to promote growth 2012 Tanzania e-government Strategy Shared Infrastructure, Shared common Systems, capacity building, e-services E-Government Agency e-government Agency Strategic Plan 2013 Gov. Network Infra., Portal, HCMIS, Finance etc.. e-services Government Mobile applications etc
Towards Implementation of Tanzania e-government Strategy ega Strategic Plan Mapping e-government Agency 21
3.2 e-governance Implementation Approach Cont Government business processes ICT Governance ICT Capacity building Government shared infrastructure Government wide shared systems e-services Establishment Institutional legal and regulatory framework
3.2.1 Government Business Process The success of e-government initiatives depends on defining back-office workflows within the administration and on digitalizing and reengineering such workflows. citizens do not usually know the processes taking place within an administration, they judge its performance based on their personal experiences, drawing conclusions about the quality of governance according to the time it takes to complete standard procedures, like registering a car, and the reliability and consistency of such processes.
3.2.1 Government Business Process Cont. a. Public institutions need to re-engineer their business processes in order to improve citizen access to and interaction with Government services. b. The service delivery channels must be built around the needs of business and the citizen
3.2.2 ICT Governance IT Leadership IT structure IT Processes How ICT performance shall be managed, roles and accountability, defined and delivery of outcomes be controlled i. Establishing ICT promotion programs ii. iii. iv. Responsible body to coordinate and oversee e-government initiatives Institute ICT unit/sections/department and proper positioning within the public institutions structures Attract and maintain skilled and competent ICT human resource v. Adapt appropriate ICT governance framework and best practices
Public Value Divers ICT Governance Cont.. Strategic Alignment matching ICT with the institutional strategic direction to achieve institutional mission Value delivery Improving public service delivery, optimizing expenses Risk management Safeguarding ICT assets Resource management Optimizing Knowledge and Infrastructure Performance Management Tracking project delivery and monitoring ICT services 5 Focus Area
3.2.3 ICT Capacity Building Plan, design and operationalize comprehensive capacity building programmes for all e-government stakeholders Carry out research and innovation on e-government services Strengthening public recruitment process of ICT personnel followed by appropriate Job description Professional Recruitment is key Get people who can engage analytical/ solve problem not just spending money
3.2.4. Government shared infrastructure Government shared infrastructure to provide shared ICT resources such as, bandwidth,computing and storage in efficient, reliable and secured manner. Link Government entities. Provide network infrastructure security and continuity. Enable multiple access channels for all Government stakeholders
3.2.5. Government Wide Shared Systems Common applications for improving the effectiveness And efficiency of government operations both within and across agencies, to reduce costs, streamline development, consistency to ensure quality service delivery. Adopting ICT portfolio management Stop development of new systems when similar systems already exist Establish a single common register for all systems. To help public institutions to identify sharing opportunities as an alternative to new system development (Centralized Initiative, Implementation) Decentralized
3.2.6 e-services establishment Prioritize and develop e-services that have maximum impact on socio-economic development. Benefits; Speeds up Government processing Enhances transparency (e.g. e-procurement, e-recruitment, e- voting, judiciary management system) Facilitates access to governmental services and public information (e.g. Government portal, Telemedicine, Land management system,)
3.2.7 Establish Institutional Framework e-government policy and strategy Provide high level guidelines on how ICT is to be used in pursuing social and economic development goals Enterprise Architecture Institute integrated model, set of performance, processes, data, application and technology reference standards to guide adoption and usage of ICT ICT Investment & Prioritization How much and where to invest in ICT (ICT project approval, justification, funding and sourcing) e-government M&E Framework For measuring performance
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. e-governance as a Tool for Transformations 3. What can be Done and Where to Start 4. Emerging Issues 5. Possible Way Forward
4.0 Issues 1. Information security 2. Legal issues 3. ICT skills and competency 4. Digital access (Content, literacy, infrastructure, etc
4.1 Information security e-government depends on an integrated networks of critical physical and information infrastructures. Increase in count and complexity of e-services, mission-critical information assets and infrastructures, more exposed to cyber related risks. Any compromise or attacks on any of these infrastructures may significantly harm the National economy. Significant efforts are required to properly manage ICT Security 34
ICT Service delivery problems 35
ICT Service delivery problems Problems related to failure of accessing computerized services in a number of connected offices or outlets. Service outlet customers in a queue 36
4.2 Legal issues Formation of contracts ICT and Tax Electronic signature Interpretation of computer crimes E-money Investigation and prosecution
4.2.1 Formation of contracts In an on-line environment, the acceptance of an offer is made by the mouse click. Contracts made over the World Wide Web are rarely completed by two humans A website operates automatically according to a set of instructions and without supervision In this situation, the acceptance is not clearly defined unless there is a law that clearly specifies the situation. In other jurisdictions (other countries) such problems have been well tackled.
4.2.2 ICT and Tax Tax revenues in general are the major source of government revenues in all countries. However, the adoption of e-commerce may affect tax revenues due to. Traditional domestic commerce within national markets and crossborder electronic trade involving physical goods that pass through customs will continue to face customs duties and value-added taxes but products delivered electronically will not. The global nature of e-commerce People can order and make payments online For example - The legal requirements to license a company where it has a principal office or where it does business has no basis when business is done through the Web.
Cont. Taxes can be affected by web based companies Goods and services can be digitized Revenues can be affected in digital or computerized format where no goods have directly passed through a recognized customs or domestic tax point. In order to address clearly the situation, the law should be in place. So as to cover all These loopholes.
4.2.3 Electronic signature Digital signature is a protocol that produces the same effect as a real signature. Most of the provisions in our developing nations recognise paper- based transactions that can not be applicable in the electronic transactions.
4.2.4 Interpretation of computer crimes Fraud offences Traditionally fraud has been viewed as one person deceiving another person for the purposes of deriving a benefit or gain In the electronic world, the deception may not involve two persons but rather one person and a computer, or two computers one of which is controlled by a person. In terms of computer fraud, the difficulty with this offence is that it requires a deception and this implies that it is an actual person that is being deceived, not a machine.
Cont. For example, If a person gains access, whether with or without permission, to a bank s computer system and dishonestly instructs the computer system to transfer money from one account in to another, then the person is deceiving the computer or computer system. Therefore, traditional fraud can not be interpreted in the same way with computer fraud.
Theft of information. Cont. In the case of information, two objections lie to the relevance of a charge of theft. unless the information is held on some storage device that is also removed, it is difficult to see how the requirement of taking and carrying away or the requirements of depriving the owner of property can be satisfied With recognized forms of theft, the conduct has two elements. The owner loses possession of the property and the thief acquires possession.
E-money 4.2.5 E-money money that moves electronically While e-commerce is taking place, the question is on the definition of money? The activities of mobile phones on electronic fund transfer, is it legally protected? To be certain on these modern terminologies brought by ICT regime is better for cyber laws which will regulate E-commerce activities to be In place
4.2.6 Investigation and prosecution what type of crime is prosecuted and investigated? No matter how reprehensible is, behavior that is not defined as a crime in your legislations may not be the subject of a criminal prosecution So is obvious that without having a cyber law in place, criminals will end up been acquitted.
Cont. Example, The love bug crisis Although a suspect- Onel de Guzman -was eventually apprehended, there were no laws criminalising what he had done and therefore lacking the ability to charge him with precisely what he had done. The love bug crisis prompted the Philippines to adopt a cybercrime law.
Agenda 1. Introduction 2. e-governance as a Tool for Transformations 3. What can be Done and Where to Start 4. Emerging Issues 5. Possible Way Forward
Business processes reengineering Put in place ICT Governance framework Improving ICT Skills and Competencies Government shared infrastructure Deploy common shared systems Put in place key priority e-services Put in place appropriate Institutional legal and regulatory framework
Thank You e-government Agency - Tanzania 50
Discussion Q & A