OECD Urban Policy Reviews Korea 2012 OECD
Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations 11 Assessment and Recommendations 13 Chapter 1. Trends and Challenges in Korea's Urban Structure 23 Introduction 24 1.1. Macroeconomic trends...'. 25 1.2. Urbanisation trends 33 1.3. Economic performance and main challenges of Korean cities 51 1.4. Cities as the centre of environmental concerns 69 Notes...-., 87 Bibliography 88 Annex 1.A1. Zipf s Law and q-value of Korean Cities 92 Chapter 2. National Policies for Urban Development in Korea 97 2.1. An ongoing reform of Korean national urban policy ' 98 2.2. Strengthening the co-ordination and coherence of Korean urban policy: four policy priorities 105 Notes 126 Bibliography.; 129 Annex 2.A1. Methods to Monitor the Effectiveness of Planning 132 Chapter 3. The Korean Green Growth Strategy and its Implementation in Urban Areas 133 3.1. The Korean green growth strategy and the role of local governments 135 3.2. Challenges to advance an Urban Green Growth Agenda /'. 161 Notes 177 Bibliography 178 Tables 1.1. Korea: fiscal stimulus indicators (2008) 30 1.2. Population density comparison 34 1.3. Different definitions of urban areas in a selection of OECD countries 39 1.4. Classification of functional urban areas in Korea 46 1.5. The q-values of Pareto distribution in Korean cities (1970-2009) 47 1.6. Population and GDP of Korean cities 54 OECD URBAN POLICY REVIEWS: KOREA OECD 2012
1.7. Employment and demographic trends in large cities in Korea 56 1.8. Employment changes in medium-sized cities in Korea 57 1.9. Employment changes in large cities in Korea 58 1.10. Korea: annual employment growth in large cities 59 1.11. Korea: employment changes in medium-sized cities 59 1.12. R&D expenditures in seven metropolitan cities relative to the nation (2009).. 62 1.13. Patent applications in seven metropolitan cities relative to the nation (2009)... 62 1.14. Korea: share of elderly population in cities 65 1.15. Korea: Number of households falling short of minimum housing standards, sorted by age of head of household (2000 and 2005) 66 1.16. Korea: municipal expenditures of growing and declining cities 67 1.17. Korea: top five cities in terms of share of foreign population (2010) 68 1.18. Total final energy consumption in Korea, by sector (1980-2009) 70 1.19. Energy consumption in metropolitan cities and provinces (do) (2009) 71 1.20. Air pollutant emissions in Korea 73 1.21. Trends in total air pollutant emissions by region 73 1.22. Comparison of selected air pollutants in international cities 74 1.23. Korean cities with the highest observed concentration of air pollutants (2008) 74 1.24. International comparison of average engine size of automobiles, Korea and the European Union 79 1.25. Comparison of energy consumption by size of vehicle engine 79 1.26. Rising sea levels observed at key Korean ports 85 1.A1.1. The q-value and primacy indicators of major countries 95 2.1. National urban policy goals and strategies suggested by the MLTM 103 2.2. Enterprise cities in Korea 105 2.3. Innovative cities in Korea. 105 2.4. Ministries and levels of government engaged in regional and urban policy in Korea 107 2.5. Thematic categories of trans-border co-operation in OECD countries 121 2.6. Deviation rate between proposed and approved population of the urban master plan in 31 cities 123 3.1. Strategic objectives of Korea's Five-Year Plan for Low-Carbon, Green Growth (2009-13) 136 3.2. Budget allocation of Korea's Five-Year Plan for Low-Carbon Green Growth.. 137 3.3. Local green growth plans in Korea. 140 3.4. Local actions for green growth 142 3.5. Industries identified as new growth engines for the Korean economy 147 3.6. Governance gaps for delivering green growth in Korean cities 170 Figures 1.1. GDP per capita in selected OECD countries 26 1.2. Korea: value added by activity (1996-2009) 27 1.3. OECD selected countries: value added in services (1990) 28 1.4. OECD selected countries: value-added in services (2008) 29 1.5. Selected OECD countries: relevant indicators during the recent economic downturn 31 1.6. Korea: exchange rate, real exports and real GDP (2008-09) 32 3 OECD URBAN POLICY REVIEWS: KOREA OECD 2012
1.7. Contribution of Multi-Factor Productivity (MFP) and capital deepening to labour productivity 32 1.8. Components of productivity growth in Korea (1992-2008) 33 1.9. Trends in urbanisation (1950-2010) 35 1.10. Urbanisation pattern curve 36 1.11. Annual urban population growth rate, 1950-2010 37 1.12. Korea's local government system 43 1.13. Territorial map of Korea 44 1.14. Urban functional areas of Korea in 2010 45 1.15. Urbanisation in OECD countries using the UN typology 46 1.16. Urbanisation in OECD countries using the OECD regional typology 47 1.17. Population rank changes of Korean cities 48 1.18. Population distribution changes of Korean cities 49 1.19. Changes of population share of 100 Korean cities 50 1.20.. GDP and urbanisation share in Korea 51 1.21. GDP growth rate and urban population growth rate in Korea 52 1.22. OECD selected metro-regions: share of metro-regions in national GDP (2007) 53 1.23. Regional contribution to employment growth 55 1.24. Share of population aged 25-64 with tertiary level of education in OECD countries (2007).' 61 1.25. Tertiary education attainment share and population growth rate of Korean cities 62 1.26. Selected OECD metro-regions: share of total national patents (2009) 63 1.27. Urban growth rate and total fertility rate in Korea 64 1.28. Share of elderly people and population growth, : 66 1.29. Selected countries: projections of old-age dependency ratio, 2000-50 67 1.30. Trends in. energy intensity among selected OECD countries (1971-2007) 70 1.31. Total energy consumption (2008) and CO 2 emissions (2006), by region 71 1.32. Per capita CO 2 emissions in select Asian cities 72 1.33. Trends in air pollution concentration in selected Korean metropolitan cities and si 75 1.34. Concentration of daily nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) in select cities 76 1.35. Concentration of daily sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) in select cities ' 76 1.36. Concentration of daily suspended particulate matter in select cities 77 1.37. Regional economic performance and vehicle ownership in Korean cities... 79 1.38. Urban sprawl of the Seoul Metropolitan Area 80 1.39. Waste generation trends in Korea 81 1.40. Daily municipal and industrial waste generation levels in Korean metropolitan cities and provinces (2009) 82 1.41. Per capita waste generation in select cities 83 1.42. Sewage system supply rate in Korea, by region 83 1.43. Per capita water consumption in select cities 85 1.44. Rising average temperatures in Korean cities 86 1.A1.1. Zipf s law and actual population of some countries 93 2.1. Regional development strategy in the second revision of the Fourth Comprehensive National Land Plan 101 OECD URBAN POLICY REVIEWS: KOREA OECD 2012
2.2. Four policy direction suggestions for Korean national urban policy 106 3.1. Self-reliance ratio of finances in Korean metropolitan/do regions (2010) 174 3.2. Funding sources for local green growth plans (2009-13) 175 1 0.. OECD URBAN POLICY REVIEWS: KOREA OECD 2012