PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM THE AQMD I-710 AIR MONITORING STUDY Andrea Polidori, Ph.D. Air Quality Specialist AQMD Special Monitoring Group February 18, 2010 South Coast Air Quality Management District (AQMD) 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765
INTRODUCTION Over 35 million Americans live within 100 m of a major roadway (4 lanes or larger) Population living near Freeways in the South Coast Air Basin
INTRODUCTION Motor-vehicle emissions consist of a complex mixture of particulate and gaseous pollutants such as PM 2.5, UFP, metals, OC, BC, VOCs, NOx and CO Living near major roadways has been identified as a risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular problems: o Asthma and allergic disease o Reduced lung function growth o Increased risk of adverse birth outcomes o Cardiac effects o Respiratory symptoms o Premature mortality o Lung cancer
I-405 Freeway I-405 Freeway PREVIOUS STUDIES Wind A7 Zhu et al., JAWMA, 2002 I-710 Freeway I-710 Freeway Zhu et al., Atm. Env., 2002
Slide 4 A7 Concentrations decay exponentially downwind of freeways. Primary emitted pollutants decay back to near-background levels within 150 to 300 meters, but depends on local conditions. Interaction of traffic, meteorology and air quality create a complex environment, not easy to define thresholds/critical values. Roadway design and roadside features influence concentrations and gradients Andrea, 10/29/2009
PREVIOUS STUDIES A8 Hu, et al., Atm. Env., 2009
Slide 5 A8 Meteorology Affects Fall-off Andrea, 10/29/2009
NEAR ROADWAY MONITORING OBJECTIVES Potential NAAQS implications (e.g. CO, NO 2, Pb, PM) Near roadway monitoring requirements Long-term trends to evaluate control strategies, fuel changes, freeway expansion Emission factor development and evaluation Monitoring data to evaluate dispersion models used for local assessments Environmental Impact Assessments (e.g. CEQA, NEPA) Urban and land-use planning Community-scale monitoring Evaluate exposures near transportation sources Support health studies Evaluate mitigation measures
STUDY DESIGN Two one - month intensives February - March 2009 (winter campaign) July - August 2009 (summer campaign) I-710 - three sites A2 Nearest downwind of freeway() Further downwind of freeway () Upwind/background () Measurements Continuous particle number (Ultrafines), BC, PM 2.5 mass, NO X, CO, A1 WS, WD, T and RH PM 10 mass, OC and EC (24-hr samples; 1-in-2 day) PM 2.5 mass (24-hr FRM samples; daily) TSP Lead (24-hr samples; 1-in-2 day) VOC Air Toxics (4 samples per day; 5am-9am, 9am-3pm, 3pm-7pm, 7pm-5am; 1-in-2 day)
Slide 7 A1 A2 Mention that we are still running BC and NOx at the 710 WEST site. Andrea, 10/29/2009 The I-710 is a 26m wide, eight-lane freeway connecting the ports complex of Long Beach and San Pedro to the shipping yards in East Los Angeles. The sampling site was located 15m downwind of the edge of the freeway and away from the influence of any other immediate PM sources, while the background site was set up about **Km upwind of the freeway. The majority of the freeway traffic is comprised of light-duty gasoline-powered cars and, typically, about 20% of the total number of vehicles is represented by heavyduty-diesel-powered trucks. Andrea, 10/29/2009
SAMPLING SITES 01/28/09 to 03/20/09 Near Site (15m) Far Site (80m) 07/10/09 to 08/19/09 710 Sites Site
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: PM2.5 and PM10
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Lead (TSP)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: VOCs 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 WINTER 05:00-09:00 0.55 0.27 09:00-15:00 15:00-19:00 19:00-05:00 1.08 1.06 0.87 0.75 0.62 0.46 0.41 0.31 0.38 0.31 Plot 1 0.0 Benzene (ppbv) 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 SUMMER 05:00-09:00 09:00-15:00 15:00-19:00 19:00-05:00 0.29 0.28 0.25 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.22 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.13 0.15 Plot 1 0.0 Benzene (ppbv)
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: VOCs 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 WINTER 05:00-09:00 09:00-15:00 15:00-19:00 19:00-05:00 0.28 0.26 0.19 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.19 0.15 0.12 Plot 1 1,3-Butadiene (ppbv) 0.10 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.02 0.00 SUMMER 05:00-09:00 09:00-15:00 15:00-19:00 19:00-05:00 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.02 Plot 1 1,3-Butadiene (ppbv)
8 6 4 2 0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Black Carbon WINTER SUMMER 4.94 3.59 2.54 2.50 1.39 0.98 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 DEL AMO BC ( g/m 3 ) 8/3/09 0:00 8/3/09 12:00 8/4/09 0:00 8/4/09 12:00 8/5/09 0:00 8/5/09 12:00 8/6/09 0:00 8/6/09 12:00 8/7/09 0:00 8/7/09 12:00 BC (µg/m 3 ) 8/8/09 0:00 8/8/09 12:00 8/9/09 0:00
60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Ultrafines WINTER SUMMER 40300 27500 14700 39300 25300 14200 140000 120000 DEL AMO 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 Ptcl # (#/cm 3 ) 7/27/09 0:00 7/27/09 12:00 7/28/09 0:00 7/28/09 12:00 7/29/09 0:00 7/29/09 12:00 7/30/09 0:00 7/30/09 12:00 7/31/09 0:00 7/31/09 12:00 Ptcl # (#/cm 3 ) 8/1/09 0:00 8/1/09 12:00 8/2/09 0:00
50 40 30 20 10 0 PRELIMINARY RESULTS: NO 2 WINTER SUMMER 120 37.2 32.3 28.0 22.4 17.9 10.9 100 80 60 40 20 0 NO2 (ppb) 8/2/09 0:00 8/2/09 12:00 8/3/09 0:00 8/3/09 12:00 8/4/09 0:00 8/4/09 12:00 NO2 (ppb) 8/5/09 0:00 8/5/09 12:00 8/6/09 0:00 8/6/09 12:00 8/7/09 0:00
EPA PROPOSED NO 2 NAAQS Current NAAQS (53 ppb; annual) New short-term NO 2 standard One-hour daily maximum 3-year average of 98 th percentile 100 ppb Requires monitors within 50 m of major roads (2013) 16
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: NO 2 1-hr Daily Maximum New Standard = 100 ppb LA CO = Compton Near site () = 53 ppb (arithmetic mean from 02/01/09 to 01/13/10) Current NAAQS = 53 ppb (annual arithmetic mean) CO DA 710 LB LB = Long Beach LA = Los Angeles 710 = Near and Far sites DA = 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 2/1/09 3/1/09 4/1/09 5/1/09 6/1/09 7/1/09 8/1/09 9/1/09 10/1/09 11/1/09 12/1/09 1/1/10 NO 2 (1-hr daily max; ppb) Compton Long Beach Los Angeles 710 () 710 ()
PRELIMINARY RESULTS: Wind Effect (Black Carbon) SUMMER (all WDs; all WSs) SUMMER (270 0 <WD<310 0 ; WS>1 mph) Near site (15m) Far site (80m) Near site average = 2.30 (µg/m 3 ) Far site average = 1.39 (µg/m 3 ) average = 0.95 (µg/m 3 ) Near site / Far site ratio = 1.58 Near site average = 2.73 (µg/m 3 ) Far site average = 1.40 (µg/m 3 ) average = 0.52(µg/m 3 ) Near site / Far site ratio = 1.86
SUMMARY Emissions near () the I-710 were enriched in BC, ultrafine particles, and NO x Smaller effects on the concentrations of PM 2.5 mass and VOCs The 1-hr daily maximum NO 2 concentrations can be higher than the new NAAQS, but concentrations are mostly driven by regional levels BC and NO x are still being monitored at the Nearest Site (15m) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Philip M. Fine, Ph.D., Sumner Wilson, Michael Koch, Elizabeth Ayers, Paul Chavez, Richard Parent, Jorge Diaz and Paul Mayo (SCAQMD Special Monitoring); Don Jacobs, Don Kho, Terry Corcoran, David Sawyer and Jay Valle (SCAQMD Repair and Calibration); Rob Farber (Southern California Edison)