LOCAL STATIONS AS A NEW GAW CATEGORY DR S D ATTRI DY. DIRECTOR GENERAL INDIA METEOROLOGICAL DEPARTMENT NEW DELHI (INDIA) sdattri@gmail.com; sd.attri@imd.gov.in 9 th Meeting of the CAS MG, Geneva, 23 25 April, 2014
- To monitor the long term evolution of atmos. composition on global and regional scales for assessing their contribution to climate change and environmental issues Greenhouse gases Ozone Solar radiation Precipitation chemistry Global Atmosphere Watch Physical and chemical properties of aerosols Reactive gases (VOC / NMHC) Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals Radio nuclides Meteorological parameters etc.
Global Atmosphere Watch (Nov., 2013) GAW Global station: 29 Remote locations Very low background level of pollutants Represent large geographic areas Continuous and long term measurements of atmos. Parameters GAW Regional Station: 424 Smaller geographical regions Unaffected from pollution sources like vehicular and industrial combustion, agricultural activities etc. Contributing and Associate Stations (18) Co-operate with GAW and submit data to World data Centres.
Global Atmosphere Watch Networks Direct Diffuse UV Rad. Aerosols Acid deposition Atmospheric Chemistry Urban Air Quality
Global Atmosphere Watch Strategy GAW Programme contributes to the WMO Expected Result Five (ER 5) on Research and additionally to several WMO priority areas, Global Framework for Climate Services (GFCS), Capacity building for the developing and least developed countries, Implementation of the WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) and the WMO Information System (WIS). GAW-related strategic issues included within the WMO Strategic Plan. GAW Implementation Plan to be published separately for the 8-year period starting 2016 & reflecting future WMO strategic priorities.
GAW: Local CAS recommended to add a new category local to the GAW stations in view of the importance of activities in urban areas, These stations would provide important locally representative information to be used for many purposes Air quality studies and forecasting Health studies, Urban climate services. Itisnot the intention to capture existing urban network observations within GAW under this new local site designation, but rather to be able to include sites influenced by urban or industrial complexes.
GAW: Local AIR QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS IN DELHI (SAFAR) Pollutants measured Carbon Monoxide Benzene, Toluene, Xylene Ozone Nitrogen Oxides Black Carbon Particulate Matter (PM10, PM2.5) Carbon Dioxide
URBAN: MESO-NETWORK
AIR QUALITY NETWORK (USEPA)- GUIDELINES Site category Traffic Industrial Typical area Typically very close to high traffic use roads and intersections. Site should be between 2 to 5 m from the roadside. with large and varied point source industry emissions and high population density. Such areas may contain heavy commercial and processing industries. Residential suburban areas in larger cities with a relatively high population density, but not in the immediate vicinity of congested roads or industry. Avoid: Sites with restricted air flows in the vicinity of the sample inlet Sites prone to the effects of absorption and adsorption Sites where chemical interference may occur Sites where physical interference can occur Sites affected by extraneous local emissions Sites that are vulnerable to vandalism Sites that have poor access
Air Quality Network (Source: ETC, Canada, 1995). A minimum distance of the sampler from road for measurement of Ozone and NOx In general the following requirement may be met for siting the monitoring station. (i) Height of the inlet must be 3 10 m above the ground level. (ii) The sampler must be more than 20 m from trees. (iii) Distance of the sampler to any air flow obstacle i.e. buildings, must be more than two times the height of the obstacle above the sampler. (iv) There should be unrestricted airflow in three of four quadrants (v) There should be no nearby furnace or incinerator fumes. Average Traffic (vehicle per day) Minimum distance of sampler from road (meters) 10,000 15,000 20,000 40,000 70,000 110,000 10 20 30 50 100 250 Frequency of Monitoring The sampling system must be capable of producing data consistent with the averaging time specified by the standard. Continuous sampling is specified except for 24- hour hi-volume for suspended particulate matter.
Air Quality Monitoring Station Siting Criteria (CPCB) The station should be located at a place where interferences are not present or anticipated. In general the following conditions should be met: 1. The site should be away from major pollution sources. The distance depends upon the source, its height and its emissions. The station should be at least 25 m away from domestic chimneys, especially if the chimneys are lower than the sampling point; with larger sources the distance should be greater (WHO,1977). 2. The site should be away from absorbing/adsorbing surfaces such as absorbing building material. The clearance to be allowed will depend on the absorbing properties of the material for the pollutant in question, but it will normally be at least I m. (WHO, 1977). 3. The objective of monitoring is often to measure trends in air quality and measurements are to be conducted over a long time; thus the site should be selected such that it is expected to remain a representative site over a long time and no landuse changes, rebuildings etc. are foreseen in near future. The instrument must be located in such a place where free flow of air is available. The instrument should not be located in a confined place, corner or a balcony.
Long-range transport of Dust from Middle East over Indian Region is observed frequently. On March 20, 2012, a giant dust plume stretched across the Arabian Sea from the coast of Oman to India. This extensive plume followed days of dust-storm activity over the Arabian Peninsula and Southwest Asia.
March of the dust storm as seen through INSAT satellite 20 Mar 03 20 Mar 06 20 Mar 12 21 Mar 03 21 Mar 09 21 Mar 12
FWCC 1979 (Scientific Knowledge) Climate Variability and Change as an issue of concern worldwide IPCC SWCC 1990 Political Awareness More momentum to address Climate Variability and Change GCOS UNFCCC Development policy WCC-3 (31 Aug-4 Sept. 2009) Societal services Climate prediction and information for decision-making GFCS Observation & Monitoring Climate Research & Modeling Climate Services & Information System Climate Services Application Programme
OBSERVATIONAL NETWORK HIERARCHY WWW RBCN GCOS RBSN GAW
DOMAINS OF OPERATION OF GFCS Global Regional National
The GFCS focused priority areas Provide opportunities for new partnership to address new observational requirements through user communities Agriculture Water Health Disaster Risk Reduction http://www.wmo.int/gfcs 19
GFCS needs Systemic observations Observing the Earth as a Total System Atmosphere Surface Winds Precipitation Reflection and Transmission Evaporation Transpiration Surface Temperature Circulation Surface Winds Precipitation Reflection and Transmission Surface Temperature Evaporation Currents Ocean Upwelling Land Infiltration Runoff Nutrient Loading Surface Temperature Currents
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