Waste Quantification and Characterization - Faridabad (India) 1.1 Background Faridabad is situated on the Delhi-Mathura NH-2 at a distance of 32 km. from Delhi, at 28 25' 16" N latitude and 77 18' 28" E longitude. The town is bounded on the north by Delhi, on the east by Agra and the Gurgaon canals and on the west by the Aravali Hills. Faridabad is the biggest urban agglomeration of the Haryana State consisting of the old municipal town of Faridabad, Ballabgarh, and the New Industrial Town (NIT) along with 38 revenue villages. 1.2 Geographical size The present geographical area of Faridabad is 207.88 sq. km. The population density in Faridabad city is estimated to be about 6,129 persons per sq.km. The city has been divided into 91 sectors for administrative purposes. 1.3 Population size and expected growth The Development Plan (DP) for Faridabad prepared in 1991 assumed a decadal growth rate of 70 percent for the decades 1991-01 and 2001-11 and estimated a population of 17.5 lakhs by 2011. This was based on past growth rates which were above 100 percent; the same have however declined during the last two decades. Based on similar analysis, the NCR regional plan for 2021 has projected the population of Faridabad as 16 lakhs by 2011 and 25 lakhs by 2021. 1.4 Commercial undertakings Faridabad is home to one of the largest industrial estates in Asia, housing a large number of manufacturing industries. The economy of Faridabad is more or less dependent on Industry. As on date there are 16 multinational companies (MNC), 809 ISO-based industries, 205 medium and large-scale industries and 399 small-scale units as per the records of the District Industrial Centre, Faridabad. 1.5 Administrative boundaries and responsibilities Municipal Corporation of Faridabad (MCF) and Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA) are the primary institutions involved in physical development and service delivery aspects in Faridabad. All the core municipal activities, their design and
implementation are under the domain of MCF. HUDA primarily exercises the role of a land developer. Responsibility of all aspects solid waste management like collection, transportation and final disposal falls under the jurisdiction of MCF.
Baseline Data (2009) 2.1 Methodology for baseline survey The Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics provided the base structure for designing the baseline survey methodology. However, based on the findings of the recce visits conducted in both the cities, the methodology was modified in response to local circumstances in terms of data availability and applicability and relevance of the suggested guidelines. The methodology adopted includes a combination of secondary literature review, primary data collection and data analysis. The key components are: > Consultation meetings with respective municipal authorities in Faridabad Discussions and interactions were held with key officials of Municipal Corporation of Faridabad to seek support in terms of access to information for the project. > Interaction with other stakeholders: Key stakeholders involved in waste management, especially in the context of plastic waste, were identified and interactions were held with them for a holistic understanding of the systems and value chains. Some of the stakeholders are enlisted below: - Hotels - Scrap Dealers - Rag pickers - Commercial Establishments - Sanitary inspectors/ workers > Secondary literature review The secondary literature review proved to be an important asset in the absence of access to information available with the Municipal Corporations. The major source of information was the City Development Plans developed for sourcing funds under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) programme.
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) aims to encourage cities to initiate steps to bring about improvement in the existing service levels in a financially sustainable manner. The JNNURM consists of two sub-missions: the Urban Infrastructure and Governance and the Basic Services to the Urban Poor. It believes that in order to make cities work efficiently and equitably, it is essential to create incentives and support urban reforms at state and city levels; develop appropriate enabling and regulatory frameworks; enhance the creditworthiness of municipalities; and integrate the poor with the service delivery system. > Recce Visit Different waste streams residential, commercial, industrial, construction and WEEE were explored. Based on the findings of the visit, the methodology was streamlined and residential and commercial streams were selected for detailed survey. General observation from recce visit: Segregation of waste is not practised in either of the two cities. The unsegregated waste is disposed off at common collection points (municipal waste bins) or open dumps. The cities are not distinguished into clearly defined residential, commercial or industrial areas, and therefore, the waste generated cannot be specifically identified as originating from these sectors. Hence, the sampling sites have been selected to include localities that may be identified as primarily residential or commercial, but exhibit considerable overlap. Consequently, the collection points receive waste from all sectors. > Primary survey Collection Point Survey Both designated and informal collection points were identified in key residential and commercial areas for baseline survey. The sample sites were selected from across the geographical spread of the cities to include adequate representation of localities with different demographic and economic profile. Dumpsite / Landfill site Survey Primary surveys were also carried out at landfill sites for a fair idea of the different types of waste being generated in each city and the composition of the waste (with particular reference to the contribution of plastics). It also allowed
comparison between the waste compositions at collection and disposal sites, thereby providing insight into the retrieval of materials of value by the informal sector. The landfill site survey also helped in estimating the total quantity of waste generated in each city on the basis of the numbers and capacities of disposal vehicles entering the landfill each day. Note: Disposal site vehicle survey for estimating the relative contribution of different sectors to total waste (as suggested in guidelines) were not conducted as it was not relevant in the context of the observed sectoral overlap in waste as already elaborated upon in the section on recce visit findings. Sample size determination The sample size was determined based on socio-economic and to provide adequate geographical representation. > Data Analysis and future projections The sample data collected will be analysed for quantification and characterisation of waste plastics. Future projections will look at estimating generation of plastic waste in year 2011 & 2016 based on growth in population.
Plastic Waste Generation: Quantification and Characterization 3.1 Introduction In Faridabad, total solid waste generated is 480 MT per day with per capita generation about 377 grams per capita per day (ref: City Development Plan, JNNURM). As per secondary sources reports of research studies conducted and data available on internet and other sources, daily generation of solid waste in the city is 480 MT. As source segregation is not practised, the data is for complete municipal waste generated and includes wastes originating from residential, commercial and industrial sectors. Of the total waste generated, only about 450 MT is reported to be collected and transported to landfills. The wastes are being dumped in the open without any treatment. Salvage of materials with recycling potential and value by rag-pickers takes place primarily at the collection points, but also to some extent at the landfill sites. 3.1.1 Sample Survey For residential areas, 2 locations were selected keeping in mind the socio-economic status and geographical location. The residential areas selected are: At each location, 4 sites were selected 2 collection points and 2 open dumps. At each collection point, 2 samples of 20 kg each were taken for analysis and 2 samples of 10 kg at each dump site. > Sector 19, Old Faridabad > Green field Colony, Surajkund road Three key commercial areas of the city were selected for sample survey namely, > NH-2, Near Neelam Bata chowk > Old Faridabad market Sample selection in commercial areas was same as that employed in residential areas.
In Faridabad, total waste from the city is disposed at 5 different landfill sites across the city. All these landfills are temporary in nature with open dumping of waste being practised. Under the JNNURM programme, solid waste management is an important component. As part of the programme, a scientifically designed sanitary landfill is coming up at Bhakari village, on Gurgaon- Faridabad road. The new landfill will be serving both the cities of Gurgaon and Faridabad. For the baseline survey, samples selection was done at 2 landfill sites namely, Kheri road, Old Faridabad & landfill at Gurgaon- Faridabad road. At the landfill site, 5 samples of 20 kg each were analysed for plastic content. Observations > In Faridabad, the shops and commercial dealers producing large amount of plastic waste sell tem directly to local kabariwalas. These are sold at a rate of Rs 20-25 per kg depending on the quality of plastic. LDPE is most viable commercially. 3.2 Plastic waste characterisation The plastic waste composition in Faridabad is similar to that of Agra. However, the content of Polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP) is higher in Faridabad. The Plastic waste generated in is mostly tin film plastic carry bags and packaging material. The other moulded plastic like bottles, milk packets (LDPE), buckets, etc do not come into the common collection bins or open dump sites but instead are traded off to small kabariwalas or scrap dealers. Some of the plastic waste like PET bottles and PVC plastics which come to collection point are eventually picked up by ragpickers and sold to small scrap dealers. The sample collection at all the sites was mostly done early in the morning. The PET, PVC and other commercially valuable plastic waste would have been picked up by ragpickers during the day.
Residential Plastic waste composition 3.24 1.82 9.79 PE 7.71 PP LDPE 50.34 PVC PET 21.87 Others Fig: 1: Graph representing plastic waste composition in residential areas Commercial Plastic waste composition 2% 2% 4% 13% PE PP LDPE PVC 59% 20% PET Others Fig: 2: Graph representing plastic waste composition in commercial areas
Key observations: > In both the areas, Polyethylene (PE) is the major type of plastic waste generated. > The levels of Polypropylene (PP) and LDPE, normally used as packaging material is much more in Faridabad compared to other cities. 3.3 Plastic waste quantification To identify and ascertain the quantity of waste plastic generated in Faridabad, samples were collected from 2 residential and 2 commercial areas. 32 samples were collected from these 4 locations for an adequate representation of these waste streams. Mix waste samples were collected from common collection points and open dumps at both residential and commercial areas for analysis. Hand sorting methods were employed for segregating waste plastics from mix waste and data was analysed to assess the quantity of waste plastic generated. The details of samples collected, their locations, quantity of waste are given as Annexure. Number of samples: 32 Total weight of samples: 480 kg Total weight of Plastic: 72 kg Therefore, percentage plastic content = Total weight of Plastic 100 Total weight of samples = 72.00 100 480 = 15 % Note: the percentage plastic content has been calculated on the basis of primary survey conducted at residential and commercial sites. Plastic waste generated by industrial sector has not been taken into account as it is generally routed to recyclers directly and therefore, does not reach collection and landfill sites. 3.4 Waste projections The future projections for solid waste generation have been estimated keeping in mind the growth in population only. The other influencing factors like change in waste consumption patterns have not been considered.
Population 2001 (Census) 10,55,938 lakhs Projected population 2011 15,37,208 lakhs (ref: City Development Plan, JNNURM) Therefore, estimated population for 2009 = 14,40,954 lakhs Population Projection - Faridabad (lakhs) Population 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 1 7 81 91 01 1 21 9 0 1961 19 19 1 2 20 20 Years (Note: Assuming linear growth in population figures, 2001 (actual) & 2011 - Estimated population has been calculated) Waste generated 480 MT/day Per capita generation = total waste generated Population = 480000 1055938 = 454 gm/capita/day Projected generation of Plastic in 2011: Projected population 2011 15.37 lakhs Per capita generation = 454 gm/capita/day Total Waste generated = Projected population x Per capita generation = 15.37 100000 0.454 kg 697798 kg = 697.79 MT/day
Assuming no rise in per capita waste generation patterns, the projected plastic was calculated with 15% generation. Plastic waste generation = 15 697 100 = 104.55 MT/day of plastic waste Projected generation of Plastic in 2021: Projected population 2021 21.34 lakhs Per capita generation = 454 gm/capita/day Total Waste generated = Projected population x Per capita generation = 21.34 100000 0.454 kg = 968836 kg = 968.83 MT/day Assuming no rise in per capita waste generation patterns, the projected plastic was calculated with 15% generation. Plastic waste generation = 15 968.83 100 = 145.32 MT/day of plastic waste Note: Faridabad is currently at a developing stage and is expected to have good economic growth in the coming years. This could have an impact on waste generation patterns especially of plastics. Due to non availability of such projected data, it could not be incorporated into the projected datas. 3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations > The Guidelines for Assessment of Waste Plastics developed by UNEP-IETC were applied and it was found keeping in mind the waste management scenario in India. - For example: The waste management is very different in Indian cities and towns due to lack of segregation of waste at any point of generation, collection or disposal. The collection system is also not planned and designed to separate waste from different waste streams like residential, commercial
and industrial sources. At the collection points, the waste from these is mixed. As a result, the methodology of waste quantification and characterisation becomes non-applicable. - Keeping in mind, the guidelines methodology need to be modified for assessment of plastic in mixed waste. > In Faridabad, plastic waste composition is 15% of the total waste. Studies done by research organisations estimate it to be around 13%. It is estimated that plastic waste generation will increase substantially with development of new industrial areas and zones. > Although the amount of plastic waste generation in both the cities is of substantial quantity, the waste plastic which reaches the landfill is soiled due to mixing with wet organic waste. However, this type of low quality plastic waste is being successfully utilised for other applications as indicated below (This list is just an indication of possible productive waste utilisation opportunities). - Road making Use of waste plastic in road construction is gaining popularity. Bangalore is one such city where such initiative has been piloted and has been successful. The CPCB has also undertaken a project in collaboration with Thiagarajar College of Engineering Madurai to evaluate the performance of polymer coated built roads laid during 2002-2006 in different cities. The study has found that the plastic tar roads are more durable and do not developed any potholes, rutting, raveling or edge flaw, even though these roads are more than four years of age. - Composite making Sriram Institute of Industrial Research has developed technologies for plastic furniture made from waste material with good durability and aesthetics. - Cement kilns One of the most effective methods of recycling of plastics waste for recovery of energy is the use of plastics waste as an alternative to possible fuel in Cement Kilns.
As Cement Kilns operate at a very high temperature in the range of 1500 C or more, there is no risk of generation of any toxic emission due to the burning of plastics waste. Central Pollution Control Board has realized this opportunity of using cement kilns as an alternative incinerator and has allowed some cement plants for conducting operational trials under controlled conditions and supervision.
ANNEXURE
Table 1: Plastic waste characterization - Faridabad S. Site Type of Sample Plastic collection Size Waste Types of plastic (by %) No point (kg) (gm) HM PP LD PVC PET Others RESIDENTIAL AREAS (wt) % (wt) % (wt) % (wt) % (wt) % (wt) % 1 Sector Collection 20 3400 19, Old bin 20 3050 4440 1188 134 552 52 80 Faridabad Collection 20 3000 bin 20 3200 1562 1211 616 1122 140 18 Open 10 1550 780 315 40 152 46 160 dump 10 1500 910 208 175 0 20 125 Open 10 1650 855 470 137 0 64 74 dump 10 1700 860 465 195 72 69 0 2 Green Collection 20 3250 field bin 20 3050 3532 1690 188 797 0 96 Colony, Surajkund Collection 20 2000 road bin 20 2550 1720 958 645 685 190 292 Open 10 1200 625 180 174 54 47 0 dump 10 1400 800 205 146 76 0 152 Open 10 1750 890 512 236 0 0 100 dump 10 1600 1075 337 80 0 25 65 Total 240 35850 18049 50.34588563 7739 21.58717 2766 7.715481 3510 9.790795 653 1.821478 1162 3.24128312 Average % COMMERCIAL AREAS 1 N.H.1, Collection 20 3350 1475 822 480 150 0 297 Near bin 20 3000 2086 428 220 0 120 78 Neelam Bata Collection 20 3250 2540 175 426 0 0 88 Chowk bin 20 2900 1890 370 482 52 40 132 Open 10 1750 820 290 348 95 42 115
dump 10 1600 1000 145 320 0 0 164 Open 10 1450 680 469 90 0 120 50 dump 10 1250 460 505 242 0 0 20 2 Old Collection 20 2750 1520 690 275 176 0 75 Faridabad bin 20 3000 1690 580 461 80 0 176 market Collection 20 3050 1723 782 290 0 145 36 bin 20 3250 1814 670 345 200 162 63 Open 10 1300 845 200 116 0 25 55 dump 10 1400 500 318 180 120 0 125 Open 10 1200 875 100 85 0 40 55 dump 10 1650 915 468 210 0 0 47 240 36150 20833 57.62932227 7012 19.39696 4570 12.64177 873 2.414938 694 1.919779 1576 4.35961272