Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Ambient Air Quality Division Air Quality and Noise Management Bureau Pollution Control Department 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 1
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Nitrogen Dioxide (NO 2 ) Ozone (O 3 ) Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 ) Particulate Matter, 10 microns or less (PM 10 ) Particulate Matter, 2.5 microns or less (PM 2.5 ) Volatile Organic Compound (VOCs) Total Hydrocarbon ( THC ) 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 2
Wind Speed/ Wind direction Temp/Humidity Net Radiation Solar Radiation Barometric Pressure Rain Guage 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 10 m Tower 3
Quality Control is the system of activities to provide a quality product. Technical Level, Methodology, Evaluation and Validation Method Quality Assurance is the system of activities to provide assurance that the quality control system is implemented. Organization, Inspection System Purchase System 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 4
Who carried out the work? What was carried out in the work? Where was the work carried out? When was the work carried out? Whom was the result submitted to? To Check the Data Quality Is the data acceptable or not? To Assure the Data Quality Can the data be assured? How was the work carried out? 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 5
QA Data Quality Object Air Quality Monitoring Objective QC 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 6
Parameter Precision Accuracy COMPLETENESS unit No. decimal O 3 ± 15% ± 15% 80% ppb 0 CO ± 15% ± 15% 80% ppm 1 NO 2 ± 15% ± 15% 80% ppb 0 SO 2 ± 15% ± 15% 80% ppb 0 TSP ± 15% ± 15% 80% ug/m 3 0 PM-10, PM-2.5 ± 15% ± 15% 80% ug/m 3 0 Pb ± 15% ± 15% 80% ug/m 3 0 WS ± 5% ± 5% 80% m/sec 1 WD ± 5 ±5 80% degree 0 RH ± 0.5% ± 0.5% 80% % 0 Temp ± 1.0 C ± 1.0 C 80% C 0 Bp ± 1% ± 1% 80% in Hg 0 Solar radiation ± 5% ± 5% 80% w/m 2 0 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 7
1) To determine whether the general levels of pollutants in the atmosphere are likely to be harmful 2) To evaluate the magnitude of air pollution problems 3) To evaluate long term air pollution trends from which to formulate policy with regard to abatement action 4) To assess the effectiveness of air pollution control problem and mitigation measures implemented to prevent adverse effects of air pollutants 5) To provide information on a problem of particular concern for which actions are needed 6) To serve as source data on which to base planning decisions and for use in Environmental Impact Assessment of a particular installation on project 7) To isolate individual rogue emissions and to justify control action 8) To provide information for different kinds of reports and also for validation of studies 9) To provide information for correlation with medical studies 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 8
Network design, station siting Instrument and inlet manifold SOP & Operations manual Operator training Instrument calibration Correct operation of monitor Instrument service and repair Traceability of working standards 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 9
Compliance Station URBAN (General Population Exposure ) TRAFFIC ( Road Side ) INDUSTRIAL Background Station RURAL/ REGIONAL ( Acid Deposition Stations, ) 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 10
Required to conduct ambient air quality monitoring as conditions of licenses, will generally be required to locate the AQMS as close as practicable to the location of maximum ground level concentration are expected to occur. Other Compliance AQMS may be located in urban or other areas where assessment of compliance with ambient air quality standards is needed Compliance Station may consist of a fixed AQMS or mobile station, station may include the following analysers: SO2, NOx (NO and NO2), PM2.5, CO, O3, BTX, Meteorological Instruments. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 11
Monitoring sites should be located in areas where human health and welfare are most threatened: in densely populated areas near large stationary sources of pollution such as power stations, oil-gas refinery, cement plant near hospitals, schools, kindergarten near high density traffic areas near homes for the aged 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 12
Are located in remote areas that have minimal influences from man made point or area sources or are located in areas that will provide representative measurement of air quality entering an air shed with point or area sources and climate change. Monitoring:SO2, NOx (NO and NO2), NO y PM 10,PM2.5, CO, CO 2, O3, NMHC, BTX, Visibility Meteorological Instruments 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 13
Multiple factors are considered when deciding the location of air monitoring station. Sites are selected based on the pollutant or pollutants to be monitored, the population density, proximity to other monitoring stations and operational efficiency. The U.S. EPA has developed siting requirements for each of the criteria air pollutants. These requirements include distance from trees, buildings and roadways, distance from major point sources, and probe height. Other factors include site security and access, availability of electricity and telephone service, aesthetics and local zoning issues, and long term (+10 years) site availability. Unfortunately the ideal monitoring site is virtually impossible to acquire, especially in urban areas. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 14
MODELING SOURCES AND EMISSIONS METEOROLOGY TOPOGRAPHY PROXIMITY TO PUBLIC EXPOSURE TREES & BUILDINGS SECURITY & SITE ACCESS ELECTRICITY AND PHONE 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 15
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When Station is mounted on rooftop, the separation distance to walls, parapets, or building on roof, should be > 20 meters from obstruction. Distance from sampler, probe, or 90% of monitoring path to obstacle, such as a building, must be at least twice the height the obstacle For collocated Pb an PM-10 samplers, a 2-4 meter separation distance between collocated samplers must be met For collocated PM-2.5 samplers, a 1-4 meter separation distance between collocated samplers must be met. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 17
The Air Quality Monitoring System (AQMS) site identification number for existing stations. The location, including the street address and geographical coordinates, for each monitoring station. The sampling and analysis method used for each measured parameter. The operating schedule for each monitor. The monitoring objective and spatial scale of representativeness for each monitor. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 18
The manual for each analyzer is used as Standard Operating Procedures for continuous measurement. A copy of the manual for each analyzer is kept in the air monitoring station and at the Instrument Support Electronics Shop at PCD. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 19
Ambient Air Monitoring Training During the first six months of employment, new employees receive on-the job training from experienced site operators and supervisors. Towards the end of the six month period the employees are assigned one or more stations to operate. Quality Assurance Training Quality Assurance personnel must be experienced in the operation of ambient air monitoring sites and equipment. They are trained in QA procedures by an experienced QA auditor and the QA supervisor. As they become familiar with QA procedures the employee will be allowed to work independently. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 20
An analyzer should be calibrated (or re-calibrated): upon initial installation following physical relocation after any repairs or service that might affect its calibration following an interruption in operation of more than a few days upon any indication of analyzer malfunction or change in calibration at some routine interval (monthly, three monthly, six monthly and yearly). 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 21
Zero Air Generator Dilutor Standard Mix Gas Analyzer 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 22
Station visits: recommend 15 day Sample filter change, leak check after filter replacement. Check auto drain in zero air unit Check chemical zero air scrubbers for moisture. Clean sample manifold Clean Size Selective Inlet for both PM10&2.5 samplers replace sample tape as necessary, perform zero flow check. Station temperature 27 C ± 3 C Check main gas pressure in cal gas cylinder Perform zero/ span Check on all analyzers Verify Meteorological sensors are operational 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 23
Station maintenance is a portion of preventive maintenance that does not occur on a routine basis. These tasks usually occur on an as needed basis. The station maintenance items are checked monthly or whenever an agency knows that the maintenance needs to be performed. Examples of some station maintenance items include: Floor cleaning & vacuuming Shelter inspection AC filter replacement, replace battery in remote control Weed abatement Inspect roof mounted equipment Inspect Meteorological sensors and cables Verify True north orientation for Wind Direction Ensure UPS operates in excess of 30 minutes 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 24
The station log is a chronology of the events that occur at the monitoring station. The log is an important part of the equation because it contains the narrative of problems and solutions to problems. The site log notes should be written in a narrative rather than technical details. The technical details belong in the instrumentation log. The items that belong in the station log are: the date, time, and initials of the person(s) who have arrived at the sit brief description of exterior of the site. Any changes that might affect the data, for instance, if someone is parking a truck or tractor near the site, this may explain high NOx values, etc. any unusual noises, vibrations or anything out of the ordinary description of the work accomplished at the site (i.e., calibrated instruments, repaired analyzer), replaced gas cylinder. detailed information about the instruments, or pumps that may be required to carry out repairs or troubleshooting 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 25
Sampling: Sampling efficiency, Losses is sample manifold and sampling lines, residence time of sample gas. Calibration Chain: Instrument response: Primary calibrations Transfer Standard Calibration Check in station ( Precision Check) Precision, stability, linearity, selectivity, response to T,P,H.%, U.V.Lamp degradation maintenance program. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 26
Zero drift ( frequency 1 day) Span drift (frequency 1 day) Linearity ( At installation and three monthly interval) Precision & Bias (At installation and yearly) Rise & Fall time ( At installation and yearly ) Zero air noise (At installation and yearly) Ozone calibration (3-6 months using Ozone transfer standard NIST or NATA/ISO17025 referenced.) preparation process Converter efficiency check for NO 2, NH 3,H 2 S, (3 months interval) 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 27
ZERO DRIFT SPAN DRIFT PARAMETER CO O 3 / NO 2 / SO 2 CO / O 3 /NO 2 /SO 2 NO ADJUSTMENT ±0.0-0.5 ppm ± 0.0-0.005 ppm ± 0.0 % to ±7.0% CALIBRATION ±0.6-1.5 ppm ± 0.006-0.015 ppm ± 7.1 to ±15.0% INVALIDATION - - >± 15.0% 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 28
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency A systematic and independent examination to determine whether quality activities and related results comply with planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve objectives. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 29
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency A systematic on-site qualitative review of facilities, equipment, training, procedures, record-keeping, validation, and reporting aspects of a total (quality assurance) system, to arrive at a measure of the capability and ability of the system. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 30
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency An independent assessment of the performance of the instruments to determine if they are producing valid data. Direct challenge using known inputs Collocated Transfer Standard 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 31
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency The auditor must be independent of the monitoring operations guest at the site and of the monitoring program independent evaluation of the site operations mutual training exercise 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 32
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency The auditee should be the normal operator of the site Responsible for day to day operations Removal and reinstallation of site instrumentation Answer questions about the site operations calibration procedures 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 33
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency Independent of the site instrumentation Traceable to known standards Of suitable accuracy to appropriately assess the site instrumentation performance Special case of audits of relative humidity 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 34
Audit definition System audit Performance audit Role of the auditor Role of the auditee Audit equipment Audit frequency Typical EPA recommendations System: Annual Performance:Six months 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 35
The ability to trace the history, application, or location of an entity by means of recorded identifications. In a calibration sense, traceability relates measuring equipment to national or international standards, primary standards, basic physical constants or properties, or reference materials. In a data collection sense, it relates calculations and data generated throughout the project back to the requirements for quality for the project. 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 36
Weight : Balancer Volume : Volumetric pipette, Flow meter Purity : Standard reagent, Standard gas Temperature : Temperature meter Time : Current meter 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 37
National standard National institute Transfer standard Transfer standard Auditor / Network Center Working standard Working standard Transfer standard Stations operator Uncertainty 7/31/2012 2:09 PM 38