Biology Spring Final Study Guide The final will cover all information since the beginning of the school year, but the emphasis will be second semester (approx 20% 1 st semester, 80% 2 nd semester information, second semester). *Study guides are intended to aide in preparation for tests. They may not list every item that will be tested on, some items on them may not be tested on, and they are subject to change. *You may use a 3x5 note card for the final, both sides Science Skills 1 st Semester Nature of Science o Is it a linear process? o Is anything ever 100% proven in science? o Be able to explain these 5 Key Points: 1. Science is an attempt to explain natural phenomena 2. Science is based on or derived from observation of the natural world 3. Science is inferential, imaginative, and creative 4. Scientific knowledge, while durable, has a tentative nature 5. Science is socially and culturally embedded Observations, Inferences, and Predictions o Understand the definitions o Be able to make all three when looking at an image Graphing o Be able to make a standard line graph given a set of data points o Know how to title a graph o Identify independent and dependent variables o What axis do the independent and dependent variables go on? o Interpret/read graphs Science Safety Rules o Know the basics of lab day safety Claim Evidence Reasoning o Know definitions as well as how to identify evidence and reasoning in a reading Macromolecules How does structure relate to function? Monomers vs. polymers Polymerization (dehydration) reactions- water out o Combining monomers into polymers Hydrolysis reactions- water in o Breaking polymers back into monomers Carbohydrates o Functions(s) o Structures on monomers and polymers Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides 1 example of each Elements present Difference in polysaccharides in plants and animals (starch, cellulose, glycogen) Nucleic Acids Nucleotides, nucleic acids Proteins Amino acids, polypeptides (proteins, 4 levels: 1- order of amino acids, 2- folding, 3-3-D shape, 4- more than 1 polypeptide to make most proteins) Know details for primary structure & know that there is secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
Macromolecules continued Lipids Glycerol, fatty acid chains, fat molecules Elements present Transcription & Translation Goal of transcription & translation Structure of a protein Central Dogma Process of transcription Product of transcription Location of transcription & translation The enzyme responsible for separating DNA in transcription Differences between RNA & DNA Three different types of RNA and their roles in protein synthesis Why must transcription take place in the nucleus? Process of translation Codons/Anti-codons Role of trna Be able to read a strand of mrna and translate it into an Amino Acid What is wobble during translation process and how does it lead to redundancy in the genetic code? Mutations Definition of mutation Gene mutations o know how each occurs as well as what it does to the resulting protein Frameshift Missense Nonsense Silent Chemical Reactions & Enzymes What is metabolism? o Anabolism o Catabolism Be able to model the two types & describe what is occurring using vocab words (like the C9 page) What is a chemical reaction? o Reactants & Products o What happens to energy in a reaction? Exergonic vs. Endergonic Reactions Activation Energy o What is it? Catalyst o How do they work? Enzymes o What is a substrate? o Lock and key How do enzymes work? Digestive System structures and their functions importance of surface area what enzymes and where are they made/used o Amylase, Lipase, Protease What do these enzymes break down? Diffusion o what is it o where does it happen (and why?) o does it require energy input? Osmosis Tonicity o Know what solutions are (be able to draw set up) & where water or solutes will go Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
Cells Membrane & Transport Cell Theory o Scientists o Experiments/inventions How did each contribute to formation of the Cell Theory? Cell Membrane Cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondria Cell membrane structure o How does structure relate to function? Passive transport: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion Active transport Cell Cycle Structure of double helix Chromosome structure Chromatin, histones, nucleosomes o What does the DNA look like at each part of cell cycle? interphase (G1, S, G2) o what occurs at each? Mitosis (Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis)
2 nd Semester Photosynthesis Chemical Energy ATP and ADP Electron carrier o NADPH Glucose Photosynthesis - 6CO 2 O(water) + energy(light) = C 6 (sugar) + 6O 2 (oxygen) o Chloroplast o Light wavelengths o Pigments (chlorophyll) Chloroplast structure (thylakoid, grana, stroma) Light dependent reactions (photosystem II, photosystem I, electron transport chain, concentration gradient, ATP synthase) o Reactants and products Calvin Cycle o Calvin cycle-reactants and products Cellular Respiration Glycolysis ATP Carrier Molecules: NADH and FADH 2 Fermentation (alcoholic and lactic acid) The Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Total amounts of ATP, NADH and FADH 2 produced by glycolysis, Krebs cycle and Electron Transport Chain Energy and exercise (quick energy, long term energy, ATP from glycolysis/fermentation, and cellular respiration, CO 2 production) Energy Flow Autotrophs vs. Heterotrophs Food Web Energy Pyramid Chemical Energy ATP and ADP (NADH, NADPH, FADH 2 ) Glucose Photosynthesis - 6CO 2 O(water) + energy(light) = C 6 (sugar) + 6O 2 (oxygen) o Chloroplast o Light wavelengths o Pigments (chlorophyll) Cellular Respiration- 6O 2 (oxygen ) + C 6 (sugar) = 6CO 2 O(water) + energy o Mitochondria Genetics Mendelian Genetics Genetics Genes Inheritance Independent Assortment Segregation Dominance Gregor Mendel Pea Plants and Genetics (experiments) Blending Hypothesis Monohybrid crosses Test crosses Incomplete Dominance Codominance Polygenic Traits Monohybrid Cross Phenotype ratios Genotype ratios Relationship between a gene and a chromosome Autosomes vs. sex chromosomes Karyotypes Chromosomal disorders Sex (X) linked traits Pedigrees o X-linked vs autosomal o Recessive vs dominant o Carriers
Meiosis Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (Ch 11.4 and 11.1) Importance of meiosis and phases of meiosis Crossing over Gametes Diploid vs Haploid Independent Assortment Segregation Evolution Darwin s Theory of Evolution Fossil record Extinction Artificial Selection Natural Selection Struggle for Existence Survival of the fittest Adaptation (vs. adapting) Descent with modification Common descent/ common ancestors Evidence supporting evolution o Fossil record o Body structures o Homologous o Embryology How does variation promote survival of one species? Natural Selection, Population Genetics Genetic variation Sources- mutations, gene shuffling (meiosis and sexual reproduction) Population genetics Gene pool Relative frequencies of alleles Single-gene traits Natural selection of traits Speciation Reproductive Isolation Behavioral isolation, Geographic isolation, Temporal isolation Evidence of natural selection Speciation of Darwin s finches