MRV Research Program Mid Project Workshop Territorial Inventories / National GHG Inventories Under UNFCCC Jean-Pierre Chang jean-pierre.chang@citepa.org 25th November 2013 Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique 42, rue de Paradis 75010 PARIS + 33 1 44 83 68 83 www.citepa.org Indice X
1. CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW 2. MONITORING OF NATIONAL GHG EMISSIONS 3. REPORTING OF NATIONAL GHG INVENTORIES 4. VERIFICATION OF NATIONAL GHG INVENTORIES 2
1- CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW MRV concept: born in the frame of UN Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1992 signature) and Kyoto Protocol (1997 signature) In the frame of UNFCCC: need to Monitor national GHG emissions of Annex I Parties because of the qualitative objective to reduce GHG emissions and the impact of human activities on climate changes In the frame of the Kyoto Protocol: need to Monitor precisely national GHG emissions from Annex I Parties of the protocol because of the quantified reduction commitments 3
1- CONTEXT AND OVERVIEW Annex I versus non Annex I Parties of UNFCCC: -> MRV binding requirements are not applied to Non Annex I Parties (up to now) Key rules of MRV defined by: IPCC inventory guidelines and good practice guidance (especially for the Monitoring of GHG emissions by the Parties and verification at national level) UNFCCC guidelines (Reporting and verification at international level) Kyoto Protocol specific issues (reporting of additional information, reinforcement of verification constraints) These rules may change over time: Accordingly to decisions of the Conference of the Parties (COP) To complete, reinforce different possible issues Because of possible changes in the Convention or the Protocol 4
1- Overview of inventory management and MRV Statistics and other sources of information UN and EC specifications (including MRV requirements Terms of reference Choiceof methodologies Archiving of reports Publication, web site «M» (Monitoring) «R» (Reporting) «V» (Verification) Data collection & treatments Other external feedbacks Reporting to UN and EC International reviews Inventory results Archiving national authorities communication Quality control Reporting Approval Consultation, QA and approval by authorities Improvement plan update Reporting & other products 5
2- MONITORING / WHAT IS MONITORED? Gases monitored in UNFCCC/KP: Direct GHG: CO2, CH4, N2O, PFCs, HFCs and SF6 (+ NF3, other F gases for KP2) Indirect GHG: CO, NOX, NMVOCs and SOx Geographic scope: UNFCCC : the whole national territory; Kyoto : possible limited area The emission approach is production-based i.e. scope 1, and not "consumption-based" approach i.e. scope 3 Temporal scope: annual inventories include all years from a reference year (generally 1990) up to the last inventoried year (Annex I Parties) The sources of GHG emissions : only sources relating to anthropogenic activities are considered (the natural sources are excluded) 6
2- MONITORING / HOW IS IT MONITORED? Organization of the Monitoring: good practice to establish an inventory agency (IPCC GPG 2000) A National Inventory System has to be set up with the following characteristics (FCCC/KP/CMP/2005/8/Add.3): - It includes institutional, legal and procedural arrangements - It ensures transparency, consistency, comparability, completeness and accuracy of inventories (TCCCA), according to IPCC guidelines / Good Practice Guidance - It implements uncertainty assessment and QA/QC activities - It facilitates the UNFCCC reviews - It ensures and improves the quality of the inventory 7
Methodology 2- MONITORING / HOW IS IT MONITORED? Parties of UNFCCC and Kyoto Protocol have to follow methodologies from IPCC guidelines / GPG Tier approaches and key category sources are defined by IPCC Key category sources in level or in trend relate to categories contributing to 95% of national GHG total in level or in trend over time. 3 tier methods for the different emission sources: - Tier 1 -> simple approach (default IPCC EF x national activity data) - Tier 2 -> equations with parameters taking into account national conditions - Tier 3 -> international emission models, specific national method or national bottom-up site approach. Tier 2 or 3 methods have to be use for key category sources. 8
3- REPORTING / Obligations of Annex I Parties Parties have to report annually their GHG inventories to the COP through the secretariat of the UNFCCC A GHG inventory submission consists of emission inventory data reported in the CRF Reporter tool + National Inventory Report (NIR) CRF Reporter (Common Reporting Format) Emissions and removals reported at the most disaggregated level of the IPCC source/sink category and by fuel type for combustion activities. Additionally background data are requested (activity data and resulting implied emission factors, other parameters such as operational conditions, specific national characteristics). For the NIR: common structure of report is required (FCCC/SBSTA/2006/9) fixing what is expected in the different chapters, sections, annexes 9
3- REPORTING / Example of EU (15) emission summary table SUMMARY 2 SUMMARY REPORT FOR CO 2 EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS Inventory 2011 (Sheet 1 of 1) Submission 2013 v1.2 EUROPEAN UNION (15) GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND (1) CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O HFCs (2) PFCs (2) (2) SF 6 Total SINK CATEGORIES CO 2 equivalent (Gg ) Total (Net Emissions) (1) 2 823 473,21 289 255,56 263 657,09 70 745,43 3 460,73 6 072,75 3 456 664,76 1. Energy 2 831 237,46 39 095,39 27 395,68 2 897 728,53 A. Fuel Combustion (Sectoral Approach) 2 813 538,50 12 807,71 27 295,21 2 853 641,42 1. Energy Industries 1 030 350,25 2 901,20 7 875,15 1 041 126,60 2. Manufacturing Industries and Construction 469 545,81 1 500,58 5 498,51 476 544,90 3. Transport 787 083,80 1 110,66 7 539,75 795 734,22 4. Other Sectors 519 802,03 7 281,86 6 058,77 533 142,67 5. Other 6 756,60 13,41 323,02 7 093,04 B. Fugitive Emissions from Fuels 17 698,96 26 287,68 100,47 44 087,11 1. Solid Fuels 948,07 6 641,96 1,77 7 591,81 2. Oil and Natural Gas 16 750,89 19 645,71 98,70 36 495,30 2. Industrial Processes 163 455,50 638,53 8 861,13 70 745,43 3 460,73 6 072,75 253 234,07 A. Mineral Products 90 400,43 21,89 IE,NA,NE,NO 90 422,32 B. Chemical Industry 31 069,84 461,36 8 746,75 C,NA,NO C,NA,NO C,NA,NO 40 277,95 C. Metal Production 41 625,08 113,44 22,30 13,18 775,76 363,34 42 913,09 D. Other Production 21,08 6,26 80,68 108,02 E. Production of Halocarbons and SF 6 815,77 1 528,24 101,81 2 445,82 (2) F. Consumption of Halocarbons and SF 6 69 747,25 1 156,73 5 607,60 76 511,58 G. Other 339,07 35,58 11,40 169,24 IE,NA,NO IE,NA,NO 555,29 3. Solvent and Other Product Use 5 570,55 2 398,05 7 968,59 4. Agriculture 159 267,51 210 517,14 369 784,65 A. Enteric Fermentation 120 237,88 120 237,88 B. Manure Management 35 997,10 19 579,45 55 576,55 C. Rice Cultivation 2 536,56 2 536,56 D. Agricultural Soils (3) 9,23 190 823,88 190 833,11 E. Prescribed Burning of Savannas NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO F. Field Burning of Agricultural Residues 486,73 113,82 600,55 G. Other NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO 10
3- REPORTING / Example of EU (15) emission summary table SUMMARY 2 SUMMARY REPORT FOR CO 2 EQUIVALENT EMISSIONS Inventory 2011 (Sheet 1 of 1) Submission 2013 v1.2 EUROPEAN UNION (15) GREENHOUSE GAS SOURCE AND CO 2 (1) CH 4 N 2 O HFCs (2) PFCs (2) SF 6 (2) SINK CATEGORIES CO 2 equivalent (Gg ) Total 5. Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (1) -179 342,15 2 095,40 3 254,29-173 992,46 A. Forest Land -271 251,49 790,36 359,01-270 102,11 B. Cropland 72 201,61 141,49 2 664,38 75 007,49 C. Grassland -9 648,87 276,97 116,81-9 255,08 D. Wetlands 2 037,65 65,56 108,71 2 211,92 E. Settlements 34 533,42 63,58 5,23 34 602,24 F. Other Land -3 804,26 1,43 0,15-3 802,68 G. Other -3 410,22 756,00 NA,NE,NO -2 654,22 6. Waste 2 551,85 88 158,73 11 230,79 101 941,38 A. Solid Waste Disposal on Land 1,64 76 307,35 0,65 76 309,63 B. Waste-water Handling 10 767,41 10 047,68 20 815,09 C. Waste Incineration 2 532,00 77,27 167,22 2 776,49 D. Other 18,21 1 006,70 1 015,25 2 040,16 7. Other (as specified in Summary 1.A) NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO NA,NO Memo Items: (4) International Bunkers 283 188,30 135,75 2 106,74 285 430,80 Aviation 129 114,80 25,41 1 154,85 130 295,07 Marine 154 073,50 110,34 951,89 155 135,73 Multilateral Operations 3,18 0,00 0,03 3,21 CO 2 Emissions from Biomass 366 078,37 366 078,37 Total CO 2 Equivalent Emissions without Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry 3 630 657,22 Total CO 2 Equivalent Emissions with Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry 3 456 664,76 11
3- REPORTING / Streamlining Process Different emission reporting obligations may be streamlined for concerns on: Consistency of monitoring: many background information are (or should be) common to the different obligations (activity data, emission register at plant level ) cost efficiency and reporting consistency between the different instruments (e.g. EU-ETS, E-PRTR reporting, GHG and Air pollutants national inventories) MMR regulation (n 525/2013), from 2013 within EU: It will require better consistency between EU-ETS and national GHG inventories because of : EU 2020 GHG reduction objectives on EU-ETS and non EU-ETS sources (ESD), and Non EU-ETS national emissions will be determined as : [ National GHG inventory ] [ EU ETS emissions ] 12
3- REPORTING / Streamlining Process Benchmark study performed in EU on streamlining process (AEAT report ENV.C.1/SER/2007/0018, Jan. 2009) 100% MS integration of emission reporting instruments 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Fra Au nce stri a Cy pru s Net herl and s Bel giu m Slo ven ia Por tug al Sw ede n Finl and Lat Pol Uni ted via and Kin gdo m Lux em bur g Ger ma ny Sp Irel Est ain and oni a Ital y Mal Slo vak ta Re pub lic De nm ark Ro ma nia Hu nga ry Lith Cz uan ech Re ia pub lic Not integrated and no plans to integrate methods or reporting Neutral=progressing towards integration of datasets across instruments Full integration of national datasets across instruments 13
4- VERIFICATION / At national level QA/QC Quality control (QC): all the different checks performed within the inventory agency : relevancy of input data and assumptions, checks for transcription errors, right calculations and unit used, consistency of data, integrity of databases, reliable documentation, justified recalculations, completeness checks, comparisons with previous estimates Quality assurance (QA): Objective to review and assess the quality of the national inventories, and to identify areas of possible improvements. Realized as a whole or in parts, by independent reviewers. Focusing on methodologies (sectoral expert peer review), or focusing on right applications of specifications, guidelines, documented procedures, etc. (inventory auditing). Comparison with other alternative estimates, e.g. from international projects or international datasets, inverse modeling, etc. 14
4- VERIFICATION / At international level UNFCCC Three successive stages of UNFCC reviews: Stage I: "initial check (by UNFCCC secretariat) to check global issues on completeness and correct format of reporting. Stage II: "Synthesis and assessment to compile and compare emission, activity data and implied emission factors, across all Parties + preliminary assessments with potential problems identified Stage III: "individual review -> the most intensive review work, performed by international expert review teams (ERT) who examine the data, methodologies and procedures of the national GHG inventories "individual review, three possible formats: "Desk review": national inventories are reviewed by experts at his office. "Centralized review": expert review teams are meeting during a week (generally in Bonn) for the reviews of national GHG inventories. "In-country review": an expert review team goes and visits the national inventory agency in the country. 15
Thank you for your attention Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique 42, rue de Paradis 75010 PARIS + 33 1 44 83 68 83 www.citepa.org Indice X