Adoption of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers on Soil Test Basis by Farmers in Uttar Pradesh

Study No. 141 Publication No. 189 Adoption of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers on Soil Test Basis by Farmers in Uttar Pradesh Prof. Ramendu Roy 2014 Agro-Economic Research Centre University of Allahabad Allahabad-211002

Preface Indian agriculture has undergone massive transformation in the post independence era during the last 65 years. Agricultural production has increased more than four folds from 51 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 245 million tonnes in 210-11 (India 2013). Fertilizer consumption in terms of nutrients has increased from 0.69 million tonne in 1950-51 to 27.8 million tonnes in 2011-12 (fertilizer statistics 2013). Such a phenomenal increase is the result of combined effect of advancement in farm technology and government policies to encourage agricultural production. However, still there are variations in food-grains productivity on account of the regional imbalances in the use of fertilizers. The level of fertilizer consumption is highly varying within and between the states of India. The consumption of fertilizers has also varied across the size-groups of farmers with the highest fertilizers consumption reported among the small farmers. Examining the conditions of agriculture in Uttar Pradesh the technology of fertilizer consumption is very much agreeable in the context where holdings are small, fragmented and having a high pressure of surplus working hands. The state of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly an agricultural state. After green revolution alike Punjab and Haryana the farmers in Uttar Pradesh have also began experiencing the benefits of fertilizer application particularly in cultivation of food-grains and other crops. Also it is rightly said that if HYV seed is the vehicle for green revolution then fertilizer is the fuel which has moved it forward. Chemical fertilizer is today the kingpin of Indian agriculture. The fertilizer consumption has increased considerably in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The study reveals that the higher change / impact in yield of Paddy (Crop-I) was found on small farmers in comparison of the other farms and in the yield of Wheat (Crop-II) it was found to be higher on the medium farms in the area under the study. About the changes after application of recommended doses of fertilizers on the reference crops it was found that in 1

paddy maximum changes in crop yield growth and soil texture and in wheat maximum changes in yield, grain filling and soil texture had occurred. The main constraints in the way of application of recommended doses of fertilizers by the non-soil tested farmers was lack of money and the soil testing laboratories being situated at the far off distances from their fields and lack of awareness about the recommended doses of fertilizers was also reported by majority of sample farmers in the area under the study. The study was undertaken under my overall supervision. The field survey, tabulation and analysis of data were conducted by Sri. S.N. Shukla and Sri. Hasib Ahmad of the centre and the supervision as well as drafting of report was done by Dr. Rajendra Singh Ex. Research Officer of the centre. I am very much thankful to all the concerned officials of the state, district, block, village and other levels as well as to the sample farmers who assisted and cooperated in this study selflessly at various stages. Any comments and suggestions for improvement in the report are solicited and will be acknowledged thankfully. Agro-Economic Research Centre University of Allahabad Allahabad (Ramendu Roy) Prof. & Hony. Director Dated: 16/12/2014 2

Credit Prof. Ramendu Roy Dr. Rajendra Singh Ex. R.O. Overall Supervision Supervision of the Analysis of Data and the Drafting of Report Shri. S.N. Shukla Shri. Hasib Ahmad Planning and Conducting of Field Survey, Tabulation & Analysis of Data -Do- Shri Ovesh Ahmad Typing of the Report Smt M. R. Kesarwani Shri S.D. Singh Secretarial Services -Do- Shri H.C. Upadhyay Photocopying of the Report Shri. Raju Kumar Support Service 3

Contents Preface 1 2 Credit 3 Contents 4 List of Table 5 7 Chapter I Introduction 8 24 Chapter II Trends in Fertilizer Consumption in the state of Uttar Pradesh 25 31 Chapter III Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sample Households Soil Test Farmers: 32 48 Chapter IV Chapter V Details of Soil Testing and Recommended Doses of Fertilizers Adoption of recommended Doses of Fertilizer and Its Constraints 49 58 59 74 Chapter VI Impact of Adoption of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers 75 80 Chapter VII Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 81 91 Appendices Appendix I 92 94 Appendix II 95 96 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 97 112 4

LIST OF TABLES Table No. Title of Tables Page No. Chapter-1 Table-1.1 Sampling Design 21 Chapter-II Table-2.1 Trends of Season-wise Fertilizer Consumption in Terms of Material (Product) in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 26 Table-2.2 Trends of Season-wise Fertilizer Consumption in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 27 Table-2.3 Table-2.4 Trends of per Hectare Consumption of Fertilizers in Terms of Nutrients to Gross Cropped Area in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 Trends of Fertilizers Consumption for Paddy (Kharif) in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 28 29 Table-2.5 Table-3.1 Trends of Fertilizers Consumption for Wheat (Rabi) in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 Chapter-III Socio-economic Characteristics of Sample Households- Soil Tested Farmers 30 33 Table-3.2 Socio-economic Characteristics of Sample Households- Non-Soil Tested Farmers Table-3.3 Operational Landholding of the Sample Households (acres/household)- Soil Tested Farmers Table-3.4 Operational Landholding of the Sample Households (acres/household)- Non-Soil Tested Farmers Table-3.5 Source-wise Irrigated area (% of net irrigated area)on the farms of Soil Tested Farmers Table-3.6 Source-wise Irrigated area (% of net irrigated area) on the farms of Non-Soil Tested Farmers Table-3.7 Cropping Pattern of the Sample Households (% of GCA)- Soil Tested Farmers 35 36 36 37 38 38 5

Table-3.8 Cropping Pattern of the Sample Households (% of GCA)- Non-Soil 39 Tested Farmers Table-3.9 Area Under HYV of Major Crops (% of GCA) 40 Table-3.10 Aggregate Value of Crop Output 41 Table-3.11 Distribution of Farm Assets 42 Table-3.12 Table-3.13 Table-3.14 Table-3.15 Table-3.16 Agricultural Credit Outstanding by the Sample Households (Rs/household)- Soil Tested Farmers Agricultural Credit Outstanding by the Sample Households (Rs/household)- Non-Soil Testing Farmers Purpose of Agricultural Loan Availed (% of farmers)- Soil Tested Farmers Purpose of Agricultural Loan Availed (% of farmers)- Non-Soil Tested Farmers Training Programmes Attended on Application of Chemical Fertilizers by the Sample Farmers Chapter-IV 43 44 45 46 47 Table-4.1 Distribution of Sample Soil Tested Farmers: Crop I (Paddy) 50 Table-4.2 Distribution of Sample Soil Tested Farmers: Crop II (Wheat) 51 Table-4.3 Table-4.4 Table-4.5 Table-4.6 Table-4.7 Table-4.8 Table-5.1 Table-5.2 Table-5.3 Table-5.4 Sources of Information about Soil Testing by Sample Households (% of farmers)- Soil Tested Farmers Reasons for Soil Testing by Sample Households (% of farmers)- Soil Tested Farmers Reasons for Not Testing Soil during the Last Three Years (% of Farmers)- Non-Soil Tested Farmers Status of Soil Health in terms of Nutrients on the Sample Soil Tested Farms (as reported in the soil health card)- Soil Tested Farmers Average Quantity of Recommended Dose of Fertilizers in terms of materials (product) Given Based on Soil Test (as reported in the health card)-soil Tested Farmers Average Quantity of Split Doses of Fertilizers Recommended by Stage of Crop Growth (Kg/acre)- Soil Tested Farmers Chapter-V Application of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers on Reference Crops- Soil Tested Farmers Constraints in Applying Recommended Doses of Fertilizers (% of farmers) -Soil Tested Farmers Awareness and Sources of Information about Recommended Doses of Fertilizers by Sample Households (% of farmers)- Non-Soil Tested Farmers Actual Quantity of Fertilizers Applied by the Sample Farmers during the Reference Year (2013-14) (Kg/acre)- Crop I (Paddy) 6 52 53 54 55 56 57 60 61 62 63

Table-5.5 Actual Quantity of Fertilizers Applied by the Sample Farmers 64 during the Reference Year (2013-14) (Kg/acre)- Crop II (Wheat) Table-5.6 Actual Quantity of Split Doses of Fertilizers Applied by Stage of 65 Crop Growth during the Reference Year (Kg/acre)- Crop I (paddy) Table-5.7 Actual Quantity of Split Doses of Fertilizers Applied by Stage of 66 Crop Growth during the Reference Year (Kg/acre)- Crop II (Wheat) Table-5.8 Method of Application of Chemical Fertilizers (% of farmers)-crop 67 I (Paddy) Table-5.9 Method of Application of Chemical Fertilizers (% of farmers)-crop 68 II (Wheat) Table-5.10 Use of Organic Fertilizers by the Sample Farmers- Crop I (Paddy) 69 Table-5.11 Use of Organic Fertilizers by the Sample Farmers- Crop II (Wheat) 70 Table-5.12 Sources of Purchase of Fertilizers (% of farmers) 71 Table-5.13 Quantity of Fertilizer Purchased by the Sample Farmers (Per cent) 72 Table-5.14 Average Price of Fertilizers and Transport Cost Incurred (Rs/kg) 73 Chapter-VI Table-6.1 Productivity of the Sample Crops during the Reference Year (2013-14) Table-6.2 Impact of Application of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers on Crop Yield- Soil Tested Farmers Table-6.3 Changes Observed after the Application of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers on Reference Crops (% of farmers) by Soil Tested Farmers 76 78 79 7

CHAPTER I Introduction I.1. Background:- In India farming was by and large of subsistence nature prior to the technological breakthrough till the mid sixties. Now-a-days with the adoption of new technology in agriculture the situation has changed a lot particularly with the introduction of modern inputs such as fertilizers H.Y.V. seeds and the guaranteed prices for major farm products. The actual use and the required amount of almost all the modern inputs are being observed with a significance. These days it is well known that fertilizer is an important and essential farm input for the bumper production of foodgrains. In this context technically it is worth to mention that the use of 1 kg. of fertilizers nutrients adds 13 kgs. of foodgrains (Fertilizer scene, 1987). Estimates based on targets of agricultural production and response ratio of crop to fertilizer application it is considered that roughly one metric tonne of nitrogen will give 12 metric tonnes additional quantity of wheat and 1 metric tonne of phosphorus will add 7 M.T. of wheat and 1 metric tonne of muriate of potash will give 5 M.T. of wheat. This equation may not be universally true but it is the balanced use of fertilizers that yield the best results and the effectiveness (Fertilizer statistics, 1990-91). Growth of agriculture is an indicator of the health of the overall economy. When the farmer does well, the later is invariably in good shape for instance in 1988-89 the growth rate of agriculture was about 20% when the G.D.P. increased significantly by 10% per anum. More important is its rate in making India self sufficient in foodgrains production (Fertilizer Marketing News 1993). The situation is more alarming when we know that 16 percent of the total population of the world live in India, while its total geographical area is only 2.4 percent of the total area of the 8

world. Hence, we have to use the modern inputs so efficiently so that we may feed our teaming population adequately. Since there is only limited scope for increasing land area under cultivation, it can be achieved only through improvements in farming practices and application of yield increasing technology which necessitates use of modern inputs. The use of chemical fertilizers is a critical ingredient in yield increasing technology for achieving the production target of foodgrains. Indian agriculture has under gone massive transformation in the post independence era during the last 65 years. Agricultural production has increased more than four folds from 51 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 245 million tonnes in 2010-11. (India 2013) and fertilizer consumption in terms of nutrients has increased from 0.69 million tonnes in 1950-51 to 27.8 million tonnes in 2011-12 (Fertilizer statistics 2013). Such a phenomenal increase is the result of combined effect of advancement in farm technology and government policies to encourage agricultural production. However, still there are variations in foodgrains productivity on account of the regional imbalances in the use of fertilizers. Chemical fertilizers are the important source of nutrients for plant growth. After the evolution of fertilizer responsive high yielding varieties of crops, the total consumption of nitrogenous, phosphatic and potassic fertilizers has increased from 1.1 million tonnes during 1966-67 to 27.8 million tonnes in the year 2011-12. The all India average consumption of fertilizers increased from 6.9 kgs. per ha. of gross cropped area to 139.7 kgs. per ha. within the same span of period (Fertilizer statistics, 2013). However, the level of fertilizers consumption is highly varying in between the states. The fertilizers consumption has varied from 243 kgs. per ha. in Punjab to 54 kgs. per ha. in Himanchal Pradesh during 2011-12. The consumption 9

of fertilizers has also varied across the size-groups of farmers with the highest fertilizers consumption reported among the small farmers. Examining the conditions of agriculture in Uttar Pradesh the technology of fertilizer consumption is very much agreeable in the context where holdings are small, fragmented and having a high pressure of surplus working hands. The state of Uttar Pradesh is predominantly an agricultural state. After green revolution alike Punjab and Haryana, the farmers in Uttar Pradesh have also began experiencing the benefits of fertilizer application particularly in cultivation of foodgrains and other crops. But still the yields of foodgrains is very low due to the less use of fertilizers as compared to the states of Punjab and Haryana where use of fertilizers per ha. was maximum (Fertilizer News, 1993). It has been proved by progressive farmers that 35 to 50 percent increase in the yields of foodgrains can be obtained by systematic application of fertilizers. Further it is rightly said that if H.Y.V. seed is the vehicle for green revolution then fertilizer is the fuel which has moved it forward. Chemical fertilizer is today the kingpin of Indian Agriculture (Yojana, Nov. 1981). As regards the trend of fertilizers consumption in terms of materials in Uttar Pradesh during the last five years (2009-10 to 2013-14) it has been found that on the whole the total consumption of fertilizers decreased from 9016.3 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 8689.1 thousand tonnes in the year 2010-11 which increased to 9467.1 thousand tonnes till the year 2012-13 and suddenly decreased to 7925.0 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, the trend in fertilizer consumption was mixed till 2013-14. Among the different fertilizers materials urea was found to be consumed maximum which increased from 5747.2 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 5805.4 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. D.A.P. was the next important fertilizer which was found to be consumed as 1647.5 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 and decreased to 1364.5 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The other fertilizers such as M.O.P., S.S.P., N.P.K. complexes and others were also found to be consumed considerably in the state of Uttar Pradesh. 10

The trend of fertilizers consumption in terms of nutrients in the state of Uttar Pradesh shows that Nitrogen (N) consumption was found to be increased from 2898.83 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 2972.06 tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of Phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) was found to be decreased from 1039.17 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 764.65 tonnes till the year 2013-14. While the consumption of Potash (K 2 O) increased from 333.50 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1047.70 tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, in terms of nutrients the fertilizers consumption has increased considerably in case of N and K but in case of P 2 O 5 it has decreased in the state of Uttar Pradesh. The trend of per hectare consumption of fertilizers in terms of nutrients in Uttar Pradesh indicates that while the gross cropped area increased from 24295 thousand ha in the year 2009-10 to 25615 thousand ha till the year 2013-14, the consumption of total N.P.K. increased from 175 kgs. per ha in the year 2009-10 to 182 kgs. per ha till the year 2012-13. The consumption of Nitrogen (N) increased from 119 kgs. per ha in the year 2009-10 to 131 kgs. per ha till the year 2012-13. The consumption of Phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) increased from 43 kgs. per ha in 2009-10 to 46 kgs. per ha till 2012-13. While the consumption of Potash (K 2 O) decreased from 13 kgs. per ha in 2009-10 to 5 kgs. per ha till 2012-13. I.2. Review of Literature:- This section of chapter I deals with the available literature from various books, reports, journals, bulletins, magazines and other published or unpublished works by various research organizations, Agricultural Universities and other recognized institutions of the country. Production of crops is the function of various inputs like land, labour, seeds, irrigation, manures, fertilizers and plant protection measures etc. But the present research study is particularly related with the use of most important input i.e. fertilizer and its impact on productivity of crops, which are as follows:- 11

Minhas (1966), Kulkarni (1978) and Lal (1985) in their studies observed wide gap between actual and recommended doses of fertilizer for different crops and different agro-climatic conditions. Their studies also reveal that weather condition, formers attitude, price level of fertilizers crops and credit availability, technical know how, availability of timely and adequate quantity of fertilizers etc. affect the use of fertilizers and were the major constraints in the consumption of recommended doses of fertilizers. Wadia (1981), concluded in his study that increase in price of fertilizers affects the consumption of fertilizer but the impact goes down with the lapse of time and other natural factors like rainfall, incidence of pests and diseases, calamities like draught and floods, input output ratios, availability of credit supply for other inputs and extension policies of government also play a vital role. Singh C. (1984), in his study inferred that fertilizer recommendation should be based on detailed economic analysis rather than recommending on uniform doses of fertilizers for the crops because of crop yield responses to fertilizers vary from region to region and from year to year, which results different marginal physical productivities of fertilizers as main input in the production of a particular crop. These all lead differential optimal fertilizer requirement to optimize the crop output in different regions. Garg G.S. and others (1973), state that there was big gap between the supply and demand for fertilizer due to incorrect assessment of growth in demand in the wake of green revolution of indigenous fertilizers in the needed volume. Dixit, R.S. and others (1984), in their study examined that cereal crops have been continuously growing in acreage, while gram and other pulses have been loosing area under cultivation. In the opinion of farmers basic risk and uncertainty, unsuitability of soils. Unfit water available for irrigation and adverse effect of nitrogen application on Gram yield compel 12

the farmers not to allocate land resources in Gram. Price of gram is a weak factor to influence the acreage under it. Desai D.K. (1970) found that there was probable divergence between response coefficients and optimum doses estimated from field trials. Hence, fertilizer desired is a quantum required to produce a given amount of agricultural output and the recommended doses may turn-out to be unrealistic. Padma and others (1985), in their study supported the existence of a positive association between size of farm and fertilizer use as well as literacy standard but it was not significant for both the variables. However, literate farmers seem to use large doses of nitrogenous fertilizers per acre. Singh A. (1983), in his study inferred that fertilizer consumption is the function of area, irrigated area, area under H.Y.Vs., credit and rainfall. The author found no significant association with size of holding and fertilizer consumption. Bhatnager and others (1986), in their study examined that the average response to N 2 (20Kg.) varied between 1.24 to 3.04 qtls. per ha. in mustard crop. Although, the fertilizer N 2 is beneficial to mustard crop farmers do not use fertilizers due to the dependency on rain water. Azad et. Al. (1971), gave details of fertilizer consumption and its relation with the total cost of cultivation. The percentage of fertilizer consumption to total cost varied from 5 to 45 in mustard 37 to 91 in wheat in Uttar Pradesh. This study indicates that M.V.P. of fertilizer was much higher ranging from Rs. 4.15 in maize to Rs. 8.93 in mustard. The optimal level of fertilizer were much higher than the actual level indicating a higher scope of fertilizer use. 13

Ashok Parikh and Steve Mosley (1986), in their, study on fertilizers response in Haryana concluded that fertilizer consumption was much below the recommended. Target. One of the explanations was that the fertilizer response functions based on simple fertilizer trial data or model experimental data. The data (Target - 1971) consistently over estimated the recommended fertilizer requirements. R.K. Mohanty (1986) in his study on fertilizer use in Orissa found that steps have to be taken to identify the causes for the inter district variations in the levels of per ha. consumption of fertilizers and to reduce the inter district variations due consideration should be given to the climate and other relevant factors in different districts of the state. C. Ramaswamy, M. Chandrashekharan and R. Prabhakaran (1986) in their study on fertilizer use sustaining rapid growth in rice region, concluded that tenancy seems to influence fertilizer use the positive sign that owner operated farm apply more fertilizers than tenants due to insecurity of tenancy. It is not surprising that tenant cultivators apply low levels of fertilizers as they do not get adequate institutional credit to meet cultivation expenses. M.P. Azad, R.N. Yadav and Mangal Prasad (1986), in their study on Maximization of production and Farm Income by optimum use of fertilizer found that the net farm income can be raised by recollection of available funds on the farm and with the technique of optimization of farm resources without any change in the cropping pattern, technology and any additional investment on the main crop of the study area. G. Subramaniyam and V. Nirmala (1991), in their study suggest that H.Y.Vs. seeds be sown on a large scale and more and more area be brought under irrigation to boost fertilizer consumption. For this massive investment on extension services, infrastructural facilities are indispensable in a developing country like India. 14

Rao V.M. (1996), found that at farm level, the green revolution technology helped to improved the livelihood pattern, nutrition and educations of children. However, technology has brought some negative aspects as well. Since it proved successful in irrigated area, dry land regions and crops grown therein were left out of the process and hence had created regional disparity in rural income. Murgai et. al. (2001) and Pinali and shah (2001), reported that technology has also altered the cropping pattern which comprised of multiple crops every season to mono-cropping, for example cultivation of only rice in some parts of South India. This practice puts the land and other resources under severe strain resulting in depletion of soil nutrients decline in water table, buildup of pest and diseases and micro nutrient deficiency. I.3. Need of the Study:- In a developing country like India the infrastructural facilities and extension services are indispensable for boosting the consumption of modern inputs particularly fertilizers which is indispensable under the conditions of secured irrigation and use of H.Y.V. seeds. The introduction of modern technology mainly use of fertilizer in agriculture has caused the upsurge of green revolution to a great success. It has raised the yield of important crops along-with a significant increase in the net area sown and the intensity of cropping in all the regions of the country but still the consumption of fertilizers has been found to be much below the recommended requirements of the fertilizers. Some of agricultural scientists found that the application of fertilizers is subject to diminishing return and the economic optimum dose of fertilizer is smaller than the technical optimum dose. In many of the prevalent systems of farming it is also not surprising that tenant cultivator generally apply small dose of fertilizer as they do not get adequate institutional credit to meet the expenses of cultivation keeping these facts into consideration this study will hallmark the importance of increasing use of fertilizers in Indian farming. 15

Although many of the previous studies have revealed that there are lot of changes in the relationship between the use of fertilizer and proportion of area fertilized under both irrigated and un-irrigated conditions. In some of the areas it is observed that the over consumption of fertilizers has created imbalance in the proper use of fertilizer nutrients and as such reduced the fertility of the soil. It is also well known to all the concerned that due to deplorable working conditions and low purchasing power of the majority of marginal, small and medium farmers and the dual policies of the governments, the use of fertilizers is affected highly particularly in agriculturally less developed regions. Thus, in the context of today s modern agriculture, the present study will enlighten the methods and ways economizing the increasing use of fertilizers particularly on marginal and small farms. It will also provide guidelines to the economists, planners and policy makers of fertilizer production and its use for boosting-up the production in agriculture. Although this study is based on the agroclimatic situations of Uttar Pradesh but is suggestive to other states of the country in the field of using fertilizers in agriculture. Since, such systematic studies have not been undertaken so far for assessing the effectiveness of the programme on crop-productivity, extent of soil testing for nutrient deficiency and adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers by farmers based on the soil tests. Therefore, there was the need of present study to examine the level of adoption and constraints in the use of recommended doses of fertilizers and their impact on crop productivity. I.4. Objectives of the Study:- The main objectives of this study were as follows:- 1. To examine the level of adoption and its constraints in the application of recommended doses of fertilizers based on soil test reports by the farmers. 16

2. To analyze the impact of adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers on crop productivity and income of farmers. I.5. Data and Methodology:- I.5.1. Data:- This study was mainly based on primary data collected from the sample farmers of the state of Uttar Pradesh for the year 2013-14. The list of soil tested farmers along-with non-soil tested farmers as control were undertaken from the S.D.A. (State Department of Agriculture) for the year 2012-13 to evaluate the extent of the adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers by farmers in Uttar Pradesh. The major crops were Rice and Wheat on which the data on all the aspects were collected. I.5.2. Method of Study:- This study was confined to the state of Uttar Pradesh as a whole. A multistage stratified random sampling technique was used to choose the samples. For each of the two selected major crops i.e. Rice and Wheat, two districts were selected based on the share of crop area within the state. Such four districts were namely (1) Azamgarh and (2) Shahjahanpur for Paddy and (3) Hardoi and (4) Unnao for Wheat. Thereafter, from each of these four districts thus, selected two development blocks were selected on the same basis of the share in crop area. Such 8 development blocks were namely (1) Lalganj and (2) Martinganj from Azamgarh district, (1) Banda and (2) Puwayan from Shahjahanpur district, (1) Shahabad and (2) Sursa from Hardoi district and (1) Fatehpur and (2) Purwa from Unnao district. From these 8 blocks thus, selected, two villages from each selected block were chosen on the same basis of the share in crop area for conducting the survey. Such 16 villages were namely (1) Barauna, (2) Demai Magdumpur, (3) Sikarpur and (4) Bishambharpur from Azamgarh, (1) Narenderpur, (2) Chanupur Pandai, (3) Raipur and (4) Jugharpur from Shahjahanpur, (1) Mishripur, (2) Gohaniya, (3) Kasarawa and (4) Husiyapur from Hardoi and (1) Patti Hamid, 17

(2) Khwajipur, (3) Rama Amarpur and (4) Barkhera from Unnao district. Thereafter, the ultimate samples of 60 soil tested farmers per crop from each selected district were selected randomly according to probability proportion to their number after categorizing the list of soil tested farmers into (1) Marginal farmers. (2) Small, (3) Medium and (4) Large farmers as per their net operated area making the total soil tested farmers samples to 240. Also to see the effect of recommended doses of fertilizer on crop productivity, 30 control (non-soil tested farmers) sample farmers per crop from each selected districts were under taken randomly from all categories of the same villages making a total of non-soil tested farmers samples to 120. Also adequate care was taken to select villages having common agro-climatic conditions and the samples of all the social groups i.e. S.Cs. and S.Ts, O.B.Cs and others falling in the area under study. The required data were collected through schedules and questionnaires by survey method. I.5.3.:- Sampling Design:- I.5.3.1.:- Selection of Districts:- Out of the total 75 districts falling in the state of Uttar Pradesh 4 districts, wherein two districts each for Rice and Wheat crops separately were undertaken randomly on the basis of share in crop area within the state. Such four districts were namely (1) Azamgarh and (2) Shahjahanpur for Rice and (3) Hardoi and (4) Unnao for Wheat from the state of Uttar Pradesh as a whole. I.5.3.2.:- Selection of Development Blocks:- From each of the four selected districts, two development blocks were selected on the same basis of share in crop area. Such 8 blocks were namely (1) Lalganj and (2) Martinganj from Azamgarh district, (1) Banda and (2) Puwayan from Shahjahanpur district, (1) Shahabad and (2) Sursa from Hardoi district and (1) Fatehpur and (2) Purwa from Unnao district. 18

I.5.3.3.:- Selection of Villages:- Two villages from each of the 8 selected blocks were chosen on the same basis of share in crop area. Such 16 villages were namely (1) Barauna, (2) Demai Magdumpur, (3) Sikarpur and (4) Bishambharpur from Azamgarh, (1) Narenderpur, (2) Chanupur Pandai, (3) Raipur and (4) Jugharpur from Shahjahanpur, (1) Mishripur, (2) Gohaniya, (3) Kasarawa and (4) Husiyapur from Hardoi and (1) Patti Hamid, (2) Khwajipur, (3) Rama Amarpur and (4) Barkhera from Unnao district. I.5.3.4.:- Selection of Ultimate Samples:- 60 soil tested sample farmers per crop from each selected district were chosen randomly according to probability proportion to their numbers in (1) Marginal (2) Small, (3) Medium and (4) Large categories of farmers as per their operated area making the total soil tested farmers samples to 240. In addition to see the effect of recommended doses of fertilizers on crop productivity, 30 non-soil tested samples farmers per crop from each selected district were undertaken randomly from all the categories of same villages making a total non-soil tested farmers samples to 120. The sampling design is given in Table-1-1. I.5.4.:- Collection of Data:- Since this study was mainly based on primary data, hence the primary data pertaining to all the aspects of sample soil tested farmers as well as non-soil tested farmers such as their operational land holdings irrigation resources cropping pattern farm assets, soil tests, soil health, fertilizer purchased and consumed and agricultural loans including crop loans etc. were collected through the specially prepared schedules and questionnaires contacting the farmers directly by survey method for the reference year 2013-14. 19

I.5.5.:- Analysis of Data:- Only a simple mathematical and statistical analysis of the data available was done to get the result of this study by structuring 41 analytical tables on the whole for both the sample soiltested farmers and non-soil tested farmers from the state of Uttar Pradesh. I.5.6.:- Reference Period:- The reference period for this study was the agricultural year 2013-14. I.6.:- Organization of the Report:- Chapter-I: Introduction 1.1. Background 1.2. Review of Literature 1.3. Need for the Study 1.4. Objectives of the study 1.5. Data and Methodology 1.6. Organization of the Report Chapter-II: Trend of Fertilizers Consumption in the state of Uttar Pradesh 2.1. Trends of Fertilizer Consumption by product in Uttar Pradesh (kg./ha.) 2.2. Trends of Crop-wise Fertilizer consumption by Nutrients (kg./ha.) 2.3. Summary of the Chapter-II Chapter-III: Socio-Economic Characteristics of Sample Farmers 3.1. Socio-economic characteristics of the sample farmers. 3.2. Details of operational Land Holdings 3.3. Sources of Irrigation 3.4. Cropping Pattern, Area under H.Y.Vs and Value of out-put. 3.5. Farm Assets Owned 3.6. Details of Agricultural Credit availed 3.7. Training Programme attended 3.8. Summary of the Chapter-III 20

Table-1-1 Sampling Design Sl. No. 1. 2. Crops Districts Blocks Clusters of Samples Undertaken Selected Chosen Selected Villages Under - Marginal Small Medium Large Total taken STF NSTF STF NSTF STF NSTF STF NSTF STF NSTF Lalganj Barauna 6 7 6 1 3 0 0 0 15 8 Demri 7 2 4 1 3 2 1 2 15 7 Azamgarh magdumpur Paddy Martinganj Sikarpur 13 6 2 1 0 0 0 0 15 7 Vishambharpur 8 4 3 2 3 1 1 1 15 8 Banda Narenderpur 8 6 1 1 4 0 2 0 15 7 Shajahanpur Chandupur pandri 6 3 4 0 5 5 0 0 15 8 Puwayan Raipur 7 2 4 1 4 4 0 0 15 7 Jujharpur 8 6 3 1 3 0 1 1 15 8 Shahabad Mishripur 4 3 4 5 6 0 1 0 15 8 Gohaniya 9 1 4 5 2 1 0 0 15 7 Hardoi Sursa Kasarawa 9 5 5 0 0 2 1 0 15 7 Wheat Husiyapur 7 6 6 2 2 0 0 0 15 8 Fatehpur84 Patti hamid 13 5 1 1 1 1 0 1 15 8 Unnao Khwajiapur 12 4 2 2 1 1 0 0 15 7 Purwa Ramaamarpur 9 5 5 2 1 0 0 0 15 7 Brakhera 12 7 2 1 1 0 0 0 15 8 2 4 8 16 138 72 56 26 39 17 7 5 240 120 N.B.: STF = Soil Tested Farmers NSTF = Non-Soil Tested Farmers (Control) 21

Chapter-IV: Details of Soil Testing and Recommended Doses of Fertilizers 4.1. Background 4.2. Details of Soil Testing 4.3. Source of Information about soil testing by farmers 4.4. Reasons for soil testing by farmers 4.5. Reasons for not testing soils by non-soil tested farmers 4.6. Status of soil health on the sample soil test farms 4.7. Recommended doses of fertilizers on soil test basis 4.8. Summary of the Chapter-IV Chapter-V: Adoption of Recommended Doses of Fertilizers and its Constraints 5.1. Background 5.2. Application of recommended doses of fertilizers by soil tested farmers 5.3. Constraints in applying recommended doses of fertilizers by soil tested farmers 5.4. Sources of information about recommended doses of fertilizers by non-soil tested farmers 5.5. Application of actual quantity of fertilizers by sample farmers 5.6. Method of application of fertilizer by sample farmers. 5.7. Use of organic fertilizers by sample farmers 5.8. Details of fertilizers purchased by sample farmers. 5.9. Summary of the Chapter-V Chapter-VI: Impact of adoption of recommended doses of fertilizers 6.1. Background 6.2. Productivity of reference crops among the sample farmers 6.3. Impact of application of recommended doses of fertilizers on reference crops 6.4. Summary of the Chapter-VI Chapter-VII: Summary of Findings Conclusion and Policy Recommendations 7.1. Background 22

7.2. Summary of Findings 7.3. Conclusions 7.4. Policy Recommendations Appendices: (1) Appendix I References (2) Appendix II Fertilizer Association of India (1987) Fertilizer Scheme in India, Fertilizer News, F.A.I., New Delhi, July, 1987, Page 1 Fertilizer Association of India (1990-1991) Fertilizer Statistics, F.A.I., New Delhi, 1990-91, pp. 11, 13-21. Fertilizer Marketing News, (1990), Vol. 24, page. 2. Fertilizer Association of India (2013), Fertilizer Statistics, F.A.I., New Delhi, 2013. India, (2013), page 58. Minhas (1966), New Agricultural Strategy Analyzed Yojana 1966, 10(1). Kulkarni B. S. (1978), Financing Fertilizer Demand for Jowar in Marthwada, I.J.A.E., 1978, 33(4), 134. Lal J. And K. Singh (1985) Economics and Adoption Constraints of Sugarcane Production Technology, Technical Bulletin, (16), I.I.S.R., Lucknow. Wadia (1981), Study of Demand for Phosphates Fertilizer, fertilizer News, December, 1981, pp.-16-19. Singh C. (1984), Allocation of fertilizer among crops under Risk, I.J.A.E., 1984, 39(1), 77. Garg G.S. et., al. (1973), Strategy of Fertilizer Policy in India, I.J.A.E., 1973, 28(4), 152. Dixit R.S. et., al. (1984), :Allocation of Fertilizers among crops under Risk, I.J.A.E., 1984, 39(1). Desai D.K. (1970), Attitude of the Farmer still use less than the Recommended doses of fertilizers, I.J.A.E., 1970, Vol. (2). Padma et. al. (1985), Adoption of Modern Varieties of Fertilizer use on Rice in Eastern Tarai of Nepal, I.J.A.E., 1985, 30(3). Singh, A. (1983), Regional Disparity in Fertilizer Consumption in India, Fertilizer Marketing News, 1983, 14(9), 1 6. Bhatnagar et. al. (1986), Economic of Fertilizer application to Mustard, A.S.T., June, 1986, 138. 23

Azad et. al. (1971), Benefit cost ratio and Productivity on Dry and Irrigated Farm in District Unnao, A case study. I.J.A.E., 1971, 27(4), 371. Ashok Parikh and Steve Mosley (1986), A Study on Fertilizers Response in Haryana, I.J.A.E., April June 1986, Vol. 41(2). R.K. Mohanty (1986), A Study of Fertilizer use in Orissa District wise Analysis, I.J.A.E., 1986. Ramaswamy C., Chandrashakharan M. and Prabhakaran R. (1986), Attitude of Fertilizer use Sustaining Rapid Growth in Fertilizer use in Rice Region, I.J.A.E., 1986, Vol. 41(4). Azad M.P., Yadav R.N. and Mangal Prasad (1986), A Study of Maximisation of Production and Farm Income by Optimum use of Fertilizers, I.J.A.E., October December 1986. Subramaniyam G. And Nirmal V. (1991), Micro Analysis of Fertilizer Demand in India, (Jan. March, 1991), I.J.A.E., Vol. 46. Rao V.M. (1996), Agricultural Development with A Human Face: Experiences and Prospects, Economic and Political Weekly 1996, 31(26) : A. 50 62. Murgai R.M. Ali and D. Byerlee (2001), Productivity and Sustainability in Post Green Revoluation Agriculture : the case of India and Pakistan Punjab, The World Bank Research Observe, 2001, 16(2): 199 218. Pingali P.L. and Shah M. (2001), Policy Redirections for Sustainable Resource use : The Rice Wheat Cropping System of the Indo-Gangentic Plains. In the Rice-Wheat Cropping System of South Asia : Trends Constraints, Productivity and Policy, ed P.K. Kataki, 2001, 103-18, New York, Food Products Press. Fertilizer News, April, 1993, Vol.38, page -68. Yojana, Nov., 1981, pp. 1 15. 24

Chapter-II Trend in Fertilizers Consumption in the state of Uttar Pradesh 2.1.:- Trend in Fertilizers Consumption in Terms of Materials (Products) in the state during 2009-10 to 2013-14. The trend of season-wise fertilizers consumption in terms of materials (products) in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14 worked-out in Table-2.1 indicates that in the state of Uttar Pradesh as a whole the total consumption of the fertilizers decreased from 9016.3 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 8689.1 thousand tonnes in the year 2010-11, which increased to 9467.1 thousand tonnes till the year 2012-13 but thereafter suddenly decreased to 7925.0 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, the trend of fertilizers consumption in terms of materials during 2009-10 to 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh was of a mixed nature. The consumption of urea being consumed in larger quantity during Rabi season increased from 5747.9 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 5805.4 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of D.A.P. which was also consumed in larger quantity during Rabi season was found increasing from 1647.5 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1975.6 thousand tonnes till the year 2012-13 but thereafter it decreased to 1364.5 thousand tonnes in the year 2013-14. Thus, the consumption of urea and D.A.P. in Uttar Pradesh was found increasing till the year 2013-14. The consumption of M.O.P. was found decreasing from 342.6 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 109.5 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of S.S.P. was also found decreasing from 330.6 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 267.4 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of N.P.K. complexes was found firstly increasing from 916.7 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1067.6 thousand tonnes till the year 2011-12 but thereafter it suddenly decreased to 330.9 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, consumption of M.O.P., S.S.P. and N.P.K. complexes was found decreasing in Uttar Pradesh during the years from 2010-11 to 2013-14, while the consumption of other fertilizers in Uttar Pradesh was found increasing from 31.7 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 47.3 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The related data are given in Table-2.1. 25

Table-2.1 Trend of Season-wise Fertilizers Consumption in Terms of Material (Product) in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 In (000, Tonnes) Sl. No. Fertilizers Materials Consumed Years 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1. Urea Kharif 2275.7 2286.1 2595.1 2683.8 2710.8 Rabi 3072.2 3132.9 3155.8 3560.8 3094.6 Total 5747.2 5419.0 5750.9 6244.6 5805.4 2. DAP Kharif 732.3 849.3 658.7 702.3 433.4 Rabi 915.2 892.5 1000.5 1273.3 931.1 Total 1647.5 1741.8 1659.2 1975.6 1364.5 3. MOP Kharif 91.6 77.9 46.4 95.7 49.3 Rabi 251.0 114.2 133.9 32.8 60.2 Total 342.6 192.1 180.3 128.5 109.5 4. SSP Kharif 162.9 157.8 220.1 264.9 150.4 Rabi 167.7 126.1 155.4 155.3 117.0 Total 330.6 283.9 375.5 420.2 267.4 5. Complexes Kharif 208.0 495.5 593.9 373.3 78.8 Rabi 708.7 522.0 473.7 258.8 252.1 Total 916.7 1017.5 1067.6 632.1 330.9 6. Others Kharif 13.2 15.8 26.4 34.8 21.7 Rabi 18.5 19.0 33.9 31.3 25.6 Total 31.7 34.8 60.3 66.1 47.3 Grand Total 9016.3 8689.1 9093.8 9467.1 7925.0 Source:- Office of Joint Director, Fertilizer, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 2.2.:- Trend of Season-wise Fertilizers Consumption in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14. The trend of season-wise consumption of fertilizers in terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14 analyzed in Table-2.2 shows that on an overall the total consumption of fertilizers in terms of N.P.K. was estimated to 4261.50 tonnes in the year 2009-10 which increased to 5088.40 tonnes till the 2010-11 but thereafter it decreased with 26

variations to 3842.05 tonnes till the year 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh. The consumption of total N.P.K. was comparatively much higher during the rabi season in the same span of 2009-10 to 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh. Thus, consumption of fertilizers in terms of nutrients had a declining trend in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14. On the other hand the consumption of Nitrogen (N) increased from 2898.83 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 3351.79 tonnes till the year 2012-13 which suddenly decreased to 2972.62 tonnes in the year 2013-14. The consumption of Phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) was found increasing from 1039.17 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1253.45 tonnes till the year 2010-11 which decreased to 764.65 tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of Potash (K 2 O) also increased from 323.50 tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 358.09 tonnes till the year 2010-11 but thereafter, it suddenly decreased to 104.77 tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, the consumption of fertilizers in terms of nutrients had shown a declining trend in Uttar Pradesh. The related data are given in Table-2.2. Table-2.2 Trend of Season-wise Fertilizers Consumption in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 (Tonnes of Nutrients) Sl. No. Nutrients of Fertilizers Consumed Years 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1. N (Nitrogens) Kharif 1214.59 1796.80 1414.49 1440.53 1341.141 Rabi 1684.24 1680.06 1732.71 1911.26 1631.480 Total 2898.83 3476.86 3147.20 3351.79 2972.621 2. P 2 O 5 (Phosphorous) Kharif 418.40 699.35 491.55 485.29 245.011 Rabi 620.77 554.10 643.44 681.14 519.642 Total 1039.17 1253.45 1134.99 1166.43 764.653 3. K 2 O (Potash) Kharif 74.97 225.40 68.08 83.51 37.921 Rabi 248.53 132.69 111.39 49.25 66.849 Total 323.50 358.09 179.47 132.76 104.771 4. Overall Total Kharif 1707.96 2721.55 1992.11 2009.34 1624.073 Rabi 2553.54 2366.85 2487.54 2641.65 2217.972 Total 4261.50 5088.40 4479.65 4650.99 3842.045 Source:- Office of Joint Director, Fertilizer, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 27

2.3.:- Trend of Per Hectare Consumption of Fertilizers in Terms of Nutrients of Gross Cropped Area in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14. The trend of fertilizers in terms of nutrients on gross cropped area in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10to 2013-14 worked-out in Table-2.3 shows that the gross cropped area increased from 24295 thousand ha in the year 2009-10 to 25615 thousand ha till the year 2013-14. Thus, the gross cropped area in Uttar Pradesh has increased considerably during the span of 2009-10 to 2013-14. The total consumption of fertilizers in terms of N.P.K. per hectare increased from 175 kgs per ha in the year 2009-10 to 182 kgs. per ha till the year 2012-13 but it decreased suddenly to 150 kgs per ha in the year 2013-14 in the state of Uttar Pradesh as a whole. On the other hand the consumption of nitrogen (N) increased from 119 kgs. per ha in 2009-10 to 131 kgs. per ha till the year 2012-13 which decreased to 116 kgs. per ha in the year 2013-14. The consumption of phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) increased from 43 kgs. per ha in 2009-10 to 46 kgs. per ha till 2012-13 but it decreased to 30 kgs. per ha in 2013-14. The consumption of potash (K 2 O) decreased from 13 kgs. per ha in 2009-10 to 4 kgs. per ha till the year 2013-14. The related data are given in Table-2.3. Sl. No. Table-2.3 Trend of per Hectare Consumption of Fertilizers in Terms of Nutrients of Gross Cropped Area in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 Nutrients of Fertilizers Consumed (GCA in 000 hectares) (Consumption in kgs./ha) Years 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1. GCA (Gross 24295 24895 24744 25615 25615 Cropped Area) 2. N (Nitrogen) 119 118 127 131 116 3. P 2 O 5 (Phosphorous) 43 44 46 46 30 4. K 2 O (Potash) 13 11 8 5 4 Total (N+P+K) 175 173 181 182 150 Source:- Office of Joint Director, Fertilizer, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 28

2.4.:- Trend of Fertilizers Consumption for Paddy Kharif in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14. The trend of fertilizers consumption for paddy kharif in terms of nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14 analyzed in Table-2.4 indicates that the total N.P.K. consumption in case of paddy kharif increased from 1189.76 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1908.62 thousand tonnes till the year 2010-11 and thereafter, it decreased to 1156.50 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, the consumption of fertilizers in terms of N.P.K. for paddy in Uttar Pradesh showed a declining trend during 2011-12 to 2013-14. The consumption of Nitrogen (N) firstly increased from 846.08 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1260.10 thousand tonnes till the year 2010-11 but thereafter it decreased to 954.89 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14 with variation in Uttar Pradesh. The consumption of phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) also increased firstly from 291.46 thousand tonnes in 2009-10 to 490.45 thousand tonnes till the year 2010-11 but thereafter it gradually decreased to 174.59 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. The consumption of potash (K 2 O) also firstly increased from 52.22 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 158.07 thousand tonnes till the year 2010-11 but thereafter it decreased to 27.02 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14. Thus, fertilizers consumption for paddy in Uttar Pradesh had a declining trend till 2013-14. The related data are given in Table-2.4. Table-2.4 Trend of Fertilizers Consumption for Paddy (Kharif) in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 (In 000, Tonnes) Sl. No. Fertilizers Consumption in Nutrients Years 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1. N (Nitrogen) 846.08 1260.10 1009.10 1026.38 954.89 2. P 2 O 5 291.46 490.45 350.67 345.77 174.59 (Phosphorous) 3. K 2 O (Potash) 52.22 158.07 48.57 59.50 27.02 Total (N+P+K) 1189.76 1908.62 1408.34 1431.65 1156.50 Source:- Office of Joint Director, Fertilizer, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 29

2.5.:- Trend of Fertilizers Consumption for Wheat (Rabi) in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14. The trend of fertilizers consumption for wheat (rabi) in terms of nutrients in Uttar Pradesh during 2009-10 to 2013-14 worked-out in Table-2.5 indicates that the total consumption of N.P.K. in Uttar Pradesh decreased from 1869.27 thousand tonnes in the year 2009-10 to 1392.43 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14 with variations. Thus, consumption of fertilizers in case of wheat declined gradually with variations. The consumption of Nitrogen (N) also decreased from 1192.78 thousand tonnes in 2009-10 to 1024.24 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14 with variations till 2012-13. The consumption of phosphorous (P 2 O 5 ) also decreased from 483.08 thousand tonnes in 2009-10 to 326.23 thousand tonnes with variations till the year 2013-14. The consumption of potash (K 2 O) decreased from 103.41 thousand tonnes in 2009-10 to 41.96 thousand tonnes till the year 2013-14 gradually in Uttar Pradesh. Thus, the consumption of fertilizers in terms of N.P.K. showed a declining trend in Uttar Pradesh during the span of 2009-10 to 2013-14. The related data are given in Table-2.5. Sl. No. Table-2.5 Trend of Fertilizers Consumption for Wheat (Rabi) in Terms of Nutrients in Uttar Pradesh During 2009-10 to 2013-14 (In 000, Tonnes) Fertilizers Consumption in Nutrients Years 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 1. N (Nitrogen) 1192.78 1108.17 1103.74 1217.47 1024.24 2. P 2 O 5 483.08 365.48 409.87 433.89 326.23 (Phosphorous) 3. K 2 O (Potash) 193.41 87.52 70.96 31.37 41.96 Total (N+P+K) 1869.27 1561.17 1584.57 1682.73 1392.43 Source:- Office of Joint Director, Fertilizer, Krishi Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 2.6.:- Summary of Chapter-II The present Chapter-II reveals that the trend of fertilizers consumption in terms of materials during 2009-10 to 2013-14 in Uttar Pradesh showed a mixed trend. The consumption of urea and D.A.P. in whole Uttar Pradesh was found increasing till the year 2013-14. But the consumption of M.O.P., S.S.P. and N.P.K. complexes was found decreasing in Uttar Pradesh during the years from 2010-11 to 2013-14. The consumption of other fertilizers in Uttar 30