ANNUA AL ACTION PLAN 2010-11 Mission Director State Horticulture Mission, Bihar
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ANNU UAL ACTION PLAN 2010-11 Mission Director State Horticulture Mission, Bihar 2
CONTENTS CHAPTER PARTICULARS PAGE NO. Executive Summary 4-5 Annual Action Plan at a Glance 6-8 I Introduction 9-16 II Situation Analysis Resources 17-24 III Strategy 25 27 IV Swot Analysis 28 29 V Convergence with other Schemes 30 VI Planting Material Sub-Plan 31 38 VII Physical and Financial Progress 39 55 VIII Baseline Survey, District Wise Benchmark 56 95 IX Schedule of Operation Pert Chart 96 102 X Training Plan and Training Calendar 103 104 XI Organic Farming with Certification 105 108 XII Project Proposal Strategy and Approach 109 110 XIII Vegetable Seed Production 111 XIV Spices Production 112 XV Establishment of New Gardens 113 XVI Flower 114 XVII Aromatic Plants 115 XVIII Creation of Water Resources 116 XIX Protected Cultivation 117 XX Promotion of INM/IPM 118 119 XXI Organic Farming 120 XXII HRD 121 XXIII Post Harvest Management 122-123 XXVI Proposal for New Cold Storage/Onion Storage 124-125 XXV Mission Management 126 XXIV Liabilities of 2008-10 to be carried during 2010-11 for the following on Going Project 127 XXV Annual Action Plan under Horticulture Road Map for 2010-11 128-135 XXVI Annual Action Plan under Horticulture Road Map for 2011-12 136-143 XXVII Annual Action Plan under Horticulture Road Map for 2012-13 144-151 3
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Bihar has a geographical area of 94,163 Sq km (2.85% of the country) and is located in the eastern part of the country. It is bordered on the north by the Kingdom of Nepal, on the west by Uttar Pradesh, South by Jharkhand and East by West Bengal. Under Horticultural Crops Bihar ranks 8 th in respect of area (11.21 lakh hectares) and 5 th in respect of production (173.35 lakh MT) in the country with regard to total area (2.86 lakh) and production of fruits, the state ranks sixth and seventh respectively. In respect of area (8.24 lakh) and production (140.68 MT) of vegetable, Bihar ranks third in the country. Considering the area (200h) and production of loose flowers (2300 MT) and cut flowers to the tune of 10.60 lakh in number only showing infant stage in Bihar. As far as the area under major spices the state has 11100 ha with the production of 12300 MT sharing only 0.3% in the country. Major fruits grown in the state are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Pineapple, Banana, Aonla, Bel and Makhana. The prime growing areas are Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Samastipur, Bhagalpur, Banka, Darbhanga, Munger, Jamui, Gaya, Aurangabad, Nalanda, Patna, West Champaran, East Champaran, Kishangaj, Purnea, Araria, Katihar and Khagaria districts. The major vegetables grown on commercial scale in the state are Cauliflower, Okra, Brinjal, Onion, Chillies, Cabbage, Gourds, Peas, Cowpea and Melons. Betelvine is planted in Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Samastipur, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Nalanda Khagaria, Katihar and Araria districts. The launching of National Horticulture Mission has come as an opportunity for the state to develop concentrated pockets of plantation, rejuvenation of old orchards and creation of postharvest and marketing infrastructure. Accordingly, concentrated pockets of major crops have been identified in four clusters of twenty three districts in the year 2006-07 and 2007-08 for implementation of the mission programme. As such, the development strategy designed is based on present crop versus area matrix. The cluster of areas and crops selected are : Sl. Cluster Districts Crops West Champaran, East Champaran, Mango Muzaffarpur, Samastipur, Vaishali, Darbhanga, Madhubani, Begusarai. 1. Cluster I West Champaran, East Champaran, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali. Samastipur, Vaishali, Darbhanga, Muzaffarpur, Khagaria West Champaran, East Champaran, Vaishali, Madhubani, Begusarai, Jamui Madhubani, Begusarai Madhubani Litchi Banana Betelvine Guava Papaya, Betelvine Makhana 4
2. Cluster II 3. Cluster III Araria, Kishanganj Purnea Katihar Saharsa Bhagalpur Banka, Munger, Jamui, Khagaria 4. Cluster IV Patna, Gaya, Nalanda, Rohtas 5. Cluster V 6. Cluster VI 7. Cluster VII Araria, Darbhanga, Katihar, Purnea Nalanda, Vaishali, Jamui, Aurangabad Aurangabad, Jamui, Gaya, Nalanda, Vaishali, Rohtas Pineapple, Mango, Banana Litchi, Banana, Pineapple Litchi, Banana, Pineapple, Mango Mango, Guava, Makhana, Papaya Litchi, Banana, Guava, Mango Mango, Guava Vegetable Seed Production, Guava for Patna, Nalanda and Rohtas only Makhana Bael Aonla, Bel (Bel is not for Rohtas) Crops identified for implementation under mission programme are Mango, Litchi, Guava, Banana, Pineapple, Bael, Aonla, Makhana and Betelvine. Summary of the physical and financial programmes of plantation/ rejuvenation of orchards and creation of post-harvest infrastructure is given in ensuing table. The total outlay proposed for Annual Action Plan 2010-11 is Rs. 4510.16 lakhs. Good planting material is the first and foremost need for exploration of the commercial horticulture, as such nursery development has been proposed in 14 hectares. Under the Action Plan, 17329 hectares have been proposed for area expansion undermango, Litchi, Guava, Banana, Makhana, Pine Apple and Betelvine. This would provide additional production of 150000 MT (Approx) from an area expansion of 17329 hectares. The programme is expected to generate additional income of Rs 7090 lakhs/annum. Likewise, development of post-harvest infrastructure and organized marketing through modernization of rural and urban markets would lead to prevention of post- harvest losses up to 5 percent of the production. Generation of employment with area expansion, rejuvenation and creation of nursery would be 30.5 lakhs man days. Capacity building of the local human resource shall further trigger the mechanism of enhancing the production of horticulture produce and having multiplier effect. 5
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN UNDER HORTICULTURE ROAD MAP FOR THE YEAR 2010-11 - AT A GLANCE Sl. Programme Physical Financial (Rs. in Lakh) GOI State Share Share (85%) (15%) Total 1 Production of Planting Materials Model Nursery/Small Nursery 11 37.19 6.56 43.75 2 Vegetable Seed production & Seed infrastructure 651 174.25 30.75 205.00 3 Establishment of New Gardens 17329 1562.86 275.80 1838.66 4 Mushroom Cultivation 8 114.75 20.25 135.00 5 Development of Flowers 230 23.46 4.14 27.60 6 Spices & Aromatic Plants 3300 350.63 61.88 412.50 7 Creation of water resources (a) Water harvesting for indivisuals 46 46.92 8.28 55.20 (b) Community Tank 1 12.75 2.25 15.00 8 Protected Cultivation 100 112.94 19.94 132.88 9 Promotion of INM/IPM 2000 17.00 3.00 20.00 10 Disease forecasting & plant health Clinic & Leaf Tissue Analysis Lab 8 74.80 13.20 88.00 11 Organic Farming adoption, Certification & Vermi Compost 4000 357.00 63.00 420.00 12 Pollination Support through bee keeping 900 10.71 1.89 12.60 13 Horticulture Mechanisation 75 95.63 16.87 112.50 14 HRD 2552 73.84 13.03 86.88 15 Post Harvest Management (a) Cold Storage 5 510.00 90.00 600.00 (b) Refrigerated Van 1 8.16 1.44 9.60 16 Est. of Marketing infrastructure for Horticultural Produce in Govt./Pvt. 1 0.00 0.00 Cooperative Sector 17 Mission Management 15 250.75 44.25 295.00 Total 31233 3833.64 676.52 4510.16 6
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN UNDER HORTICULTURE ROAD MAP FOR THE YEAR 2011-12 - AT A GLANCE Financial (Rs. in Lakh) Sl. Programme Physical GOI State Share Share Total (85%) (15%) 1 Production of Planting Materials Model Nursery/Small Nursery 11 37.19 6.56 43.75 2 Vegetable Seed production & Seed infrastructure 551 178.50 31.50 210 3 Establishment of New Gardens 18,229 1700.56 300.10 2000.66 4 Mushroom Cultivation 9 136.00 24.00 160 5 Development of Flowers 200 20.40 3.60 24 6 Spices & Aromatic Plants 3300 350.63 61.88 412.5 7 Creation of water resources 0.00 0.00 (a) Water harvesting for individuals 100 102.00 18.00 120 (b) Community Tank 5 63.75 11.25 75 8 Protected Cultivation 100 50.69 8.94 59.63 9 Promotion of INM/IPM 2000 17.00 3.00 20 10 Disease forecasting & plant health Clinic & Leaf Tissue Analysis Lab 8 74.80 13.20 88 11 Organic Farming adoption, Certification & Vermi Compost 5000 391.00 69.00 460 12 Pollination Support through bee keeping 825 6.25 1.10 7.35 13 Horticulture Mechanisation 46 41.06 7.25 48.3 14 HRD 2552 73.85 13.03 86.88 15 Post Harvest Management 0.00 0.00 (a) Cold Storage 10 637.50 112.50 750 (b) Refrigerated Van 0.00 0.00 16 Est. of Marketing infrastructure for Horticultural Produce in Govt./Pvt. Cooperative Sector 0.00 0.00 0 17 Mission Management 15 250.75 44.25 295 Total 32961 4131.91 729.16 4861.07 7
ANNUAL ACTION PLAN UNDER HORTICULTURE ROAD MAP FOR THE YEAR 2012-13 - AT A GLANCE Sl. 1 2 Programme Physical Financial (Rs. in Lakh) GOI State Share Share (85%) (15%) Total Production of Planting Materials Model Nursery/Small Nursery 11 37.19 6.56 43.75 Vegetable Seed production & Seed infrastructure 552 195.50 34.50 230.00 3 Establishment of New Gardens 20726 1796.08 316.95 2113.03 4 Mushroom Cultivation 9 136.00 24.00 160.00 5 Development of Flowers 300 30.60 5.40 36.00 6 Spices & Aromatic Plants 3300 350.63 61.88 412.50 7 Creation of water resources 0.00 0.00 (a) Water harvesting for indivisuals 100 102.00 18.00 120.00 (b) Community Tank 5 63.75 11.25 75.00 8 Protected Cultivation 100 50.69 8.94 59.63 9 Promotion of INM/IPM 2000 17.00 3.00 20.00 10 11 12 Disease forecasting & plant health Clinic & Leaf Tissue Analysis Lab 8 74.80 13.20 88.00 Organic Farming adoption, Certification & Vermi Compost 5000 391.00 69.00 460.00 Pollination Support through bee keeping 825 6.25 1.10 7.35 13 Horticulture Mechanisation 46 41.06 7.25 48.30 14 HRD 2552 73.84 13.03 86.88 15 Post Harvest Management 0.00 0.00 (a) Cold Storage 10 637.50 112.50 750.00 (b) Refrigerated Van 0.00 0.00 Est. of Marketing infrastructure for 16 Horticultural Produce in Govt./Pvt. Cooperative Sector 0.00 0.00 17 Mission Management 15 250.75 44.25 295.00 Total 35559 4254.62 750.82 5005.44 8
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Bihar is located in the eastern part of the country and situated in between 24 0 20 ' 21 '' to 27 0 31 ' 15" N latitude and 83 0 19 ' 50 '' to 88 0 17 ' 40" E longitude with 83 million population. The total geographical area of the state is 94163 sq km. The river Ganga flows through the middle of Bihar plain from West to East and divides it into two halves. The state lies midway between the humid West Bengal in the east and the sub-humid Uttar Pradesh in the west, which gives it a transitional position in terms of climate. 1. GENERAL A. GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES :- Geographically Bihar is divided into 4 distinct land areas :- I. North Gangetic Plain II. Bihar Plain III. South Gangetic Plain IV. Kaimur Plateau I. North Gangetic Plain :- The north Gangetic Plain consists of a flat alluvial region, and are prone to floods. The Kosi river, due to its tendency to cause dangerous floods, was previously referred to as the Sorrow of Bihar, before the construction of artificial embankments. There are six rivers namely Gandak, Burhi Gandak, Bagmati, Ghaghra, Kosi and Kamala in north Bihar. II. Bihar Plain :- The soil of Bihar plain is composed mainly of new alluvium, which is mostly non-chalky and heavy textured (clay and clay loam) towards the east, and chalky and light-textured (mostly sandy loam) towards the west of the old Burhi Gandak river. Apart from floods, another hazard is that this region lies in the Himalayan earthquake zone. The earthquakes of 1934 and 1988 caused widespread damage here. III. South Gangetic Plain :- In the south, the Gangetic Plain is more diversified than in the north. Many hills rise from the alluvium that constitutes the Gangetic Plain. Except for Sone, all the rivers are small, and their water is diverted into irrigation channels. The soil of the land is usually made up of older alluvium. IV. Kaimur Plateau :- The Kaimur Plateau lies in the extreme southwest. It consists of nearly horizontal sandstone strata that are underlain by limestone. The soil of the plateau is typically red, and is sandy in the Damodar valley. B. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS :- Total Population of the state is 83 million out of which more than 75% have been residing in rural areas. The schedule caste population constitutes about 15.72 percent where as schedule tribe population is 0.91 percent. Education system in Bihar needs greater attention especially in female education and particularly in schedule caste and schedule tribe population. The literacy rate is 47 percent as compared to National rate of 65.38 percent. The literacy rate is still lower in rural areas particularly in those pockets where populations of schedule caste and schedule tribes are higher. 9
C. GENERAL CLIMATIC FEATURES :- The state of Bihar has been divided in three agro-climatic zones for complete category state characterization of its ecological potential. North Bihar plains comprise of Agro Climatic Zones I and II, while the south Bihar plain comes under Agro- Climatic Zone III. In general climate of the state is characterized by threee distinct seasons, i.e. cool- day winter, hot-day summer and warm wet rainy season. The climate of the project districts are mainly the same. Cool- day season extends from October to February with fairly low temperature varying between 7 0 C and 16 0 C, very little rain, clear sky and relatively low humidity. Hot dry Season spreads over March to Mid June with temperatures rising upto 44/ /45 0 C with low humidity. Warm-wet season is the period of monsoon from mid-june to September. During this period temperatures range from 24 0 C to 35 0 C with cloudy sky and high humidity. The average annual rainfall varies from 11000 to 1250 mm. The daily temperature comes down to 7-8 0 C in December January in north Bihar plains. Since rainfall distribution is dictated by climate and vegetation, the rainfed areas are constrained in their choice of crops, technology and resultant levels of productivity. On an average, the plain region of Bihar records a mean annual total rainfall of 1297 mm which is distributed in the monsoon, autumn, winter and summer seasons as 1039, 32, 110 and 58 mm, respectively. Zone wise agro- climatic situation of Bihar plains enunciates that agro-climatic zone II records the highest rainfall (1381.9mm) followed by zone I (1344.35mm) and zone III receives the least rainfall (1165.45mm). Rainfall during the monsoon varies from the lowest of 935.55mm in zone III to the highest of 1105.9 mm in zone II and a moderate rainfall of 1077.3 mm in zone I. During the autumn months (October-November), zones I, II and III receive the rains of 35.15 (zone I), 28.7 (zone II) and 31.95mm (zone III). Summer season receives 1102, 135.0 and 86.00 mm in agro-climatic zones I, II and III, respectively. 10
D. AGRO CLIMATIC ZONES :- Sl. Agro-climatic zone Districts 1. 2. 3. 4. Agro- climatic zone I (Northern West) Agro-climatic Zone II (Northern East) Agro-climatic zone IIIA (Southern East) Agro-climatic zone IIIB (Southern West) West Champaran, East Champaran, Siwan, Saran, Sitamarhi, Sheohar, Muzaffarpur, Vaishali, Madhubani, Darbhanga, Samastipur, Gopalganj, Begusarai Purnea, Katihar, Saharsa, Supaul, Madhepura, Khagaria, Araria, Kishanganj. Sheikhpura, Munger, Jamui, Lakhisarai, Bhagalpur & Banka. Rohtas, Bhojpur, Buxar, Bhabhua, Arwal, Patna, Nalanda, Nawada, Jehanabad, Aurangabad, Gaya. 11
E. SOIL TYPE :- (a) Agro- Climatic Zone I: Except for the northern and western portions, the entire zone is under the influence of rivers Gandak, Burhi Gandak and Ghaghra originating from the lime rich foothills of the Himalays and thus soils are mostly calcareous (CaCO3) varying from 21.50% % to 30%. Soils of Siwan, Gopalganj East and West Champaran, Muzaffarpur and Vaishali district have developed salinity. The remaining soils under the influence of Adhwara group of rivers are either neutral, acidic or saline depending upon the micro-relief micro and local physiography. The soils of this zone, depending on the physiographic conditions, are well drained to poorly drained and moderately rich to poor in nitrogen, moderate to very low in available phosphorus and medium in potassium. Pockets of soils show s deficiency symptoms of zinc, iron, boron and molybdenum mostly induced by high available calcium. Districts of Madhubani, Sitamarhi, Darbhanga, parts of Samastipur and East and West Champaran face recurrent floods. (b) Agro- Climatic Zone II: The soils of river belts of Ganga and Kosi are mostly light to medium textured (except non non-calcareous) through accumulation of sodium salts and sodium adsorption have taken place in poor drained soils. Parts of Purnea and Katihar districts have also saline saline and alkali soils. Even the heavy textured soils have sandy substratum below 40 to 100 cm depths. Besides, acidic soils are also found in some parts with heavy rainfall and high permeability. The soils are excessively to poorly drained depending upon the local physiography and water table depth. In some parts of this zone, the water table is on the rise and water logging and salinity are on the increase. The soils of this zone are very poor in nitrogen (specially the very light textured soils), and very poor po to 12
medium in available phosphorus and potassium, deficiencies of zinc and boron and toxicity of manganese have been widely recognized. (c) Agro-Climatic Zone III: This zone is drier than north Bihar possessing vast stretches of `Diara` (251 lakh ha) and `Tal-lands` (1 lakh ha) with soils mostly medium to heavy textured throughout the depth of the profile. The soils of this zone except that of `Diara` and `Tal lands` are moderately welldrained to somewhat poorly drained, moderately acidic to slightly alkaline and medium textured to heavy textured. The soils of paddy lands have developed impervious layer of varying thickness and imperviousness from simple semi-developed somewhat porous clay pans to very hard practically impervious thick layers. The soils are poor to moderate in nitrogen and poor to moderately rich in available phosphorus and potassium. The soils of medium lowlands are comparatively more fertile; whereas soils of `Tal` lands are highly clay throughout their depths, grey in colour, natural to slightly alkaline in reaction, moderately well-drained inspite of their heavy texture mainly due to calcium saturation, moderately rich in nitrogen, available P and K. The `Diara` land soils with their undulating landscapes are generally very light to medium heavy textured with different fertility status. F. PRESENT IRRIGATION SCENARIO Bihar has 80.26 lakh ha of total cropped area out of which 35.20 lakh ha are covered with different sources of irrigation viz canal, tank, tube well, wells and other sources. Districts of Rohtas, Aurangabad and W. Champaran have highly covered with canal system of irrigation whereas Banka, Sheikhpura, Munger, East Champaran, Gaya and Patna have moderately covered by canal System. Farmers of almost all district of Bihar have been irrigating their lands with Tube wells. Source wise irrigation Sl. NO. Source of Irrigation Area (in lakh ha) Percentage 1. Canals 10.11 28.7 2. Tanks 1.17 3.3 3. Tube Wells 18.34 52.10 4. Wells 0.23 0.70 5. Other Sources 5.35 15.2 Total 35.20 100 2. Importance of Horticulture The state of Bihar, endowed with very fertile plain land and subtropical climate, holds a vast potential for growing a large variety of Horticultural crops. Many tropical & Subtropical fruits, vegetable, tuber crops including Potato, medicinal & aromatic plants, flowers and spices are grown in the state with great ease and success. Presently fruits & Vegetable crops cover 1.15 million ha accounting for roughly 19.5 percent of the net cropped area and 14% of gross cropped area. Spices & medicinal and aromatic plants cover 15.35 thousand ha. 13
It provides foods security, prevents malnutrition including of perennial source of income to the farmers. It is a dynamic tool for increasing per capital income including ecological sustainability. A. Food Security Food security envisages adequacy, stability as well as economic & Physical access to food to all people. There may be enough food but if poors do not get, security will not be completed. Enhanced Horticulture production helps. I. Direct Contribution to food basket. II. Sale of Surplus horticulture produces enables to have access to food. B. Perennials source of Income Land and water are two most important natural endowments but they are renewable but finite resources. However, with judicious mix of interventions like development of irrigation facilities, application of improved and modern horticultural practices and creation of other income generation activities based on natural resources, the possibilities of creating perennial source of income can be enhanced. Perennial source of income can be ensured through:- I. Development of infrastructure especially for irrigation. II. Value addition and processing of horticulture produce. III. Vermi Composting in rural areas to promote organic farming. IV. Vermi wash, a byproduct of vermi compost may be used as bio pesticide to produce organic product. 3. Objectives & strategy National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented in Bihar to promote holistic growth of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices and aromatic plants. 1. To increase area under fruits, vegetables, flowers, spices & aromatic and medicinal plants. 2. To enhance the production and productivity of horticultural crops. 3. To create the infrastructure for infusion of modern micro propagation technology. 4. To develop marketing facilities. 5. To create storage infrastructure for perishable and non perishable produce. 6. To develop processing industry. 7. To facilitate proper market linkage. STRATEGY For achieving the targeted objectives the following strategies are being followed. Awareness building through extension and information dissemination on crop possibilities and market demand. The State Horticulture extension machinery as well as private sector extension will have a role to play. Quality planting material grafts, gootees (air layers), seedlings, micro-propagates - will be made available for orchard development both through the Govt. machinery as well as through private sector participation. This will include seed material for tubers and spices, and certified seeds of vegetables and spices. Technical support services will be made available at the doorstep to farmers to ensure adoption of appropriate crop production and PHM technologies by farmers. 14
The role of the private sector will be encouraged through contract farming arrangements. The State machinery as well as the private sector, through contract farming arrangements, will have a role in extension, supply of quality planting material and provision of technical support services. Organic farming in production of vegetables and spices will be encouraged. Since much of traditional horticulture in Bihar has relied on organic methods; the state has strength in this area. Since marketing has been identified as the primary constraints in development of the Horticulture sector, a well-coordinated strategy will be followed for development of marketing infrastructure and market linkages. STRATEGY INTERVENTIONS In promoting area expansion, choice of crops and varieties will be geared to the market and to the needs of the processing units and exporters Development of market linkages through promotion of a chain of marketing operator viz. consolidators, traders, and commission agents will be attempted. For this purpose the necessary regulatory framework will be put in place through amendment of the APMC Act so that value chain is maintained. Establishment of appropriate Post Harvest Management Infrastructure will be accorded priority. While the private sector will be assigned primary role, the existing public sector agencies will also play a major role as catalyst. Market development will be based on a market study and a comprehensive Master Plan has been assigned to a consultant. For Improvement of the supply chain facilities for sorting / grading / packaging/ storage and transportation will be promoted. Provision will be made for development of collection centers and transportation to local markets. A chain of cold storages and a network of refer vans will be promoted at all important centers identified through the above study in the cooperative/private/ public sector. For exploiting Industrial / Urban markets of neighboring States, development of trade channels will be encouraged. Close link with APEDA for export promotion. 4. Present status of Horticulture in the state Bihar has the opportunity to have varied types of agro climatic conditions, congenial for growing almost all the horticultural crops. Horticulture is growing popularity owing to the high value of horticulture produces than agriculture crops. However, there needs to be a grater impetus in boosting the irrigation resources of the state and in promoting horticulture in intensive mode in the state. According to the old and existing data, a brief analysis is made on the status of Horticulture in the state which is furnished below : A. FRUIT CROPS The major fruit crops grown in Bihar are Mango, Guava, Litchi, Banana, etc. apart from these major crops minor crops like. Makhana, Pineapple, Betelvine are also grown. 15
The area of fruit crops in Bihar during 2005-06 was 291.61 thousand hectares which was increased to 307.52 thousand hectares in 2008-09. Similarly the production was also increased from 3068.4 25 thousand metric tonnes in 2005-06 to 3853.88 thousand metric tonnes in 2008-09, the productivity of fruit crops has also increased significantly in 2008-09 (13.2) as compared to 2005-06 (11.2) Almost all the districts of North Bihar particularly Muzaffarpur, East Champaran and Samastipur have good potentiality in respect of litchi cultivation. Similarly Makhana, a pioneer fruit of Bihar is also grown intensively in the districts of Darbhanga, Madhubani, Saharsa, Katihar, Araria and Purnea. B. VEGETABLES Almost all vegetable crops like solanaceous, cucurbits, beans, cole crops, okra, onion and other root crops are widely grown successfully in the state. The total area of vegetable crops was recorded 498.529 thousand hectare with the production of 7654.435 thousand metric tonnes (2005-06) which increased to 519.12 thousand hectare with the production of 8329.625 thousand metric tonnes (2008-09). The area, production and productivity were increased to 4.13 percent, 8.8 percent and 4.5 percent, respectively, comparing with the base line 2005-06. It is worth while to mention that the productivity of vegetable crops in very much comparable with the national average (16.1 MT/ha) during 2007-08. C. SPICES Chilli, Turmeric, Coriander, Ginger, Garlic & Methi are the major spices grown in Bihar. The total area of spices was recorded 11.10 thousand hectare in 2006-07 which increased to 12.75 thousand hectare in 2008-09. The productivity was also increased from 1.10 MT/ha to 1.174 MT/ha during the said period. D. FLOWERS The major commercial flowers like Marigold, Rose, Tuberose Gladiolus and Jasmine are cultivated in Bihar. Though, it is in infancy stage of development, however, the total area was increased significantly from 297.35 ha (2006-07) to 337-84 ha (2008-09). E. AROMATIC PLANTS The aromatic plants like Japanese Mint, Lemongrass, Pamaroja, J. citronella have been promoted by Horticulture Mission for commercial cultivation among farmers. The present area of aromatic plants in the state is 2600 ha which was only 2100 ha during 2006-07. 16
CHAPTER II SITUATION ANALYSIS - RESOURCES 1. CROP DISTRIBUTION AS NATURAL CAPITAL Bihar has 93.60 lakh hectare of total geographical area where 80.26 lakh hectares is under cultivation. Out of the cultivable area, 35.20 lakh hectares is under irrigation and rest under rain fed conditions with cropping intensity 1.42. The major horticultural crops can be promoted in different agro climatic areas of the state are given below in the district wise crop Matrix. Table : Matrix- District & Crops Identified S. No District Mango Litchi Banana Guava Pineapple Makhana Veg, seed pro. Betelvine Cluster I 1 W.Champaran 2. E. Champaran 3. Muzaffarpur 4. Samastipur 5. Vaishali 6. Darbhanga Cluster II 7. Araria 8. Kishanganj 9 Purnia 10 Katihar 11 Khagaria Cluster II 12. Bhagalpur 13. Banka 14. Munger 15. Jamui Cluster II 16. Patna 17. Gaya 18. Nalanda 19. Aurangabad 20. Madhubani 21. Rohtas 22. Begusarai 23. Saharsa 17
District wise Vegetable seed production matrix under National Horticulture Mission Sl. District Potato Tomato Bottle gourd Bhindi Name of Vegetable Sponge gourd Cauli flower Brinjal Onion Cow pea Bitter gourd 1 W. Champaran 2 E. Champaran 3 Muzaffarpur 4 Samastipur 5 Vaishali 6 Darbhanga 7 Araria 8 Kishanganj 9 Purnea 10 Katihar 11 Khagaria 12 Bhagalpur 13 Banka 14 Munger 15 Jamui 16 Patna 17 Gaya 18 Nalanda 19 Aurangabad 20 Madhubani 21 Rohtas 22 Begusarai 23 Saharsa 18
District wise Spices crop production matrix under National Horticulture Mission Name of Spices Crop Sl. District Garlic Ginger Chilli Turmeric Sounf 1 W. Champaran 2 E. Champaran 3 Muzaffarpur 4 Samastipur 5 Vaishali 6 Darbhanga 7 Araria 8 Kishanganj 9 Purnea 10 Katihar 11 Khagaria 12 Bhagalpur 13 Banka 14 Munger 15 Jamui 16 Patna 17 Gaya 18 Nalanda 19 Aurangabad 20 Madhubani 21 Rohtas 22 Begusarai 23 Saharsa 19
District wise Aromatic Plant matrix under National Horticulture Mission Name of Aromatic Plants Sl. District Japanese mint Lemon grass J. citronella Pamarosa 1 W. Champaran 2 E. Champaran 3 Muzaffarpur 4 Samastipur 5 Vaishali 6 Darbhanga 7 Araria 8 Kishanganj 9 Purnea 10 Katihar 11 Khagaria 12 Bhagalpur 13 Banka 14 Munger 15 Jamui 16 Patna 17 Gaya 18 Nalanda 19 Aurangabad 20 Madhubani 21 Rohtas 22 Begusarai 23 Saharsa 20
District wise Flower Crop matrix under National Horticulture Mission Name of Flower Crops Sl. District Marigold Rose Tuberose Gladiolus 1 W. Champaran 2 E. Champaran 3 Muzaffarpur 4 Samastipur 5 Vaishali 6 Darbhanga 7 Araria 8 Kishanganj 9 Purnea 10 Katihar 11 Khagaria 12 Bhagalpur 13 Banka 14 Munger 15 Jamui 16 Patna 17 Gaya 18 Nalanda 19 Aurangabad 20 Madhubani 21 Rohtas 22 Begusarai 23 Saharsa 21
2. EXISTING PHYSICAL RESOURCES IN TERMS OF INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES A. NURSERIES There are 17 departmental progeny nurseries each having 10 hectares of land. Besides there are 233 block nurseries situated adjacent to block head quarter with 0.8 ha area. As the establishment of block nurseries is very old which need to be rejuvenated in all aspects. Apart from the departmental nurseries, State Agriculture University (RAU) also has three progeny nurseries located at B.A.C Sabour, RAU, Pusa and ARI, Patna. B. ORCHARDS All the progeny nurseries have well established orchard having mother plants of mango, litchi and guava. Except a few block nurseries, most of the nurseries have mother plants of different fruit crops. A well planned model nurseries have been developed in different KVKs of State Agricultural University. The developmental work of block nurseries have been completed under RKVY. (Rashtriya Krishi Vikash Yojna). C. VEGETABLE SEED PRODUCTION A well planned Road map has been prepared by Government of Bihar in collaboration with Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa in 2008 under the chairmanship of Director General, I.C.A.R, New Delhi. Accordingly the vegetable seed production programme for Tomato, Okra, Brinjal, Cowpea, Onion, Potato and Drum Stick is in progress. Breeder seeds are being procured from state Agricultural Universities and research centres. Foundation seeds are being produced in the State Horticultural Nurseries and provided to the progressive seed farmers for producing certified seeds. D. TRAINING CENTRES Two training centres have been established at Rajendra Agricultural University, Bihar, Pusa campus and other at Bihar Agricultural College, Sabour for Mali and supervisor s training. At present these two training centres have been functioning. Two new training centres one at Agwanpur (Saharsa) and other at College of Horticulture, Noorsarai are being proposed during 2010-11. One canning and preservation centres on fruits and vegetables has been established at R.A.U. campus, Sabour and other at College of Home Science, RAU, Pusa more particularly for rural womens for processing and value addition of excess horticultural produce at domestic level. Besides, training centres for Mushroom cultivation and honey bee production technique are well established at R.A.U. campus. E. PROCESSING CENTRE Grading and processing of horticultural crops is an important component under Post Harvest Management. For grading and processing of horticultural produce particularly litchi has been established at Muzaffarpur. 22
3. AREA AND PRODUCTION. The area and production of fruits, vegetables, spices, flowers and aromatic crops from the year, 2005-06 to 2008-09 is given below. Area '000ha Production '000MT. Sl. 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 Particulars Area Prodn. Area Prodn. Area Prodn. Area Prodn. 1. Fruits 276.44 3068.42 279.41 3426.48 286.24 3252.37 291.50 3853.88 2. Vegetables 498.52 7656.43 501.31 7866.62 508.24 8048.09 519.12 8329.02 3. Spices NA NA 11.10 12.30 12.25 14.10 12.75 14.98 4. Flowers NA NA 0.297 NA 0.325 NA 0.337 NA 5. Aromatic Plants NA NA 2.10 NA 2.45 NA 2.60 NA 4. PRODUCTION PATTERN Area of fruit crops in Bihar during 2005-06 was 276.44 thousand hectare which increased to 291.50 thousand hectare in 2008-09 increasing the production from 3068.42 thousand metric tonnes in 2005-06 to 3853.88 thousand MT in 2008-09. The area and production under vegetable has significantly increased to 4.13 and 8.80 percent, respectively in 2008-09 as compared to base line 2005-06. In absence of regulated market for horticultural produce, the department has no authentic data that how much horticultural produces are being sold in the open market. The state is producing sufficient quantity of vegetables, fruits and spices to fulfill its own requirement during the season. Some of the vegetables, fruits and spices are even being sent to the other states during the peak reason put during off season some of the vegetables are coming from the otter states. 5. MARKET INFORMATION SYSTEM. People are getting different kinds of direct and indirect benefits from the horticulture cultivation that they use for their own consumption as well as commercial utilization. The role of marketing information system is to create effective linkages between resource managers, collectors, processors and end users. Marketing study helps in understanding: (1) Market opportunity in the form of market needs and demands analyse competition. (2) Develop appropriate strategies and approaches to reach identified market. (3) To ensure profitable income. By developing organized and systematic marketing information system people will increase their capacities for : (A) Informed choices (B) Exploring opportunities to introduce lesser known species in the market. (C) Improving the entire value change up to the end user. (D) Increasing the collective bargaining power. 23
6. DEPARTMENTAL SCHEMES Horticultural schemes can be divided into two main section. A. STATE SECTOR SCHEMES B. CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEMES. A. STATE SECTOR SCHEMES. I. State Horticulture Department There exists a separate department of Horticulture for all round development of Horticultural crops. The horticulture department has well organized set up at sub divisional and district level to promote the activities. II. Potato development scheme There is a separate scheme for potato development in Bihar. Its main function is to provide technical known how to the potato growers. The department has been producing foundation seed from Breeder s seed in 27 hectares of land. Foundation seed so produced is being distributed to the progressive potato growers for producing certified tubers (seed potato) with financial out lay of Rs 49.55 lakh during 2008-09. III. Strengthening and modernization of Plant Quarantine facilities An assistance of Rs 3.31 lakh was provided during the year 2008-09 far strengthening and modernization of plant Quarantine in the state. IV. Chief Minister Horticulture Mission (CMHM) There are 38 districts in Bihar. Out of which National Horticulture Mission is in function in 23 districts for development of Horticulture. In remaining 15 districts, Chief Minister Horticulture Mission was in operation similar to that of National Horticulture Mission with financial outlay of Rs. 1366 lakh during 2009-10. B. CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEMES I. National Horticulture Mission National Horticulture Mission has been functioning in twenty there districts of Bihar. For various activities in horticultural crops, National Horticulture Mission provides financial assistance. The pattern of assistance under National Horticulture Mission is 85% of Government of India and 15% the state assistance. II. Micro Irrigation Scheme This is a central sponsored scheme implemented with the 40 percent share of central govt. and 50% share of state govt. Under this scheme 90% subsidy is given to the small and marginal farmer for installation of drip and sprinkler irrigation system. Micro Irrigation Scheme was under operation in all districts of the state with financial outlay of Rs. 3608.00 lakh during 2009-10. III. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojna (RKVY) IV. Scheme of National Mission on Medicinal plants. V. National Bamboo Mission. This is an entirely central sponsored scheme with a limit of 4 ha. to each individual. Under this project a total outlay of Rs 1544.00 lakh was sanctioned during 2009-10 for the current financial year. 24
CHAPTER III STRATEGY 1. Holistic approach. National Horticulture Mission (NHM) is being implemented in Bihar to promote holistic approach of the horticulture sector covering fruits, vegetable seed production, spices, aromatic plants, betelvine and flowers. 2. Visioning and preparing road map Agriculture Road Map of Bihar was prepared from 2008-09 to 2011-12 for development of mission in right direction. (i) (ii) (iii) Annual Action Plan under Horticulture Road Map for the State of Bihar from 2010-11 to 2012-13 has been prepared which will be strictly followed for its implementation. As per instruction of National Horticulture Mission, Govt. of India, need based components of particular districts in cluster approach, has been selected. Seed production programme for the production of foundation and certified seeds in Public Sector and Private Sector, respectively has been prepared and is being implemented. Quality planting material graft, gooties (air layer), seedlings, micro-propagules will be made available for orchard development both through the public sector as well as private sector participation. Area expansion and enhancement of production and productivity of perennial and Nonperennial fruits have been planned and is strategically being followed. 3. Training strategy and communication strategy Awareness building through extension and information dissemination on crop possibilities and market demand has been prepared and State Horticulture extension machinery as well as private sector extension agency will have a role to play. Both these agencies will arrange travelling programme for the departmental officers as well as the farmer at state / district / block level on different aspects of NHM. Training of Horticultural Officers, Supervisors and Gardeners have been conducted at Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa Campus and its Stations. Apart from these training programmes, selected farmers from different districts are being sent outside the state for their specialised visit cum training at places of repute for horticultural crops. 4. Community oriented group based approach Community Oriented group based approach will be followed for achieving the target. For achieving this, the private sector will be encouraged through contact farming arrangement. The state machinery as well as the private sector through contact arrangements will have a role in extension, supply of quality planting material and provision of technical support services. 25
5. Organic farming Organic Farming in production of fruits, vegetables and spices will be encouraged. Since much of traditional Horticulture in Bihar has relied on organic methods, the state has strength in this area. Already on the basis of Public Private Partnership (PPP), this has been initiated in litchi in 1000ha. 6. Production under controlled condition Cultivation of vegetables/flowers under controlled condition will be implemented by establishing Hi-Tech and Normal green house, polyhouse/plastic tunnel/ shade net around Patna, Vaishali and Bhagalpur districts to make vegetable/flowers available in the off season. 7. Post Harvest Management A. Grading and storage facilities: Development of proper grading and storage facilities ensures maximum returns. Improvement of the supply chain, facilities for sorting/grading/packaging/storage and transportation will be promoted. Provision will be made for development of collection centres and transportation to local /distant market. In Annual Action Plan for 2010-11 to 2012-13, stress has not been given on Post Harvest Management as the supply chain viz sorting/grading/packaging/storage/ transportation through refrigerated van because a separate comprehensive project sponsored by Asian Development Bank is under progress. This project is designed to strengthen the agri-business infrastructure development. Currently two value chains one at Muzaffarpur for fruits and vegetables and the other at Nalanda on potato and vegetables are being worked out. This project envisages creating marketing infrastructure and cold chain for fruits and vegetables. B. Technology intervention for processing and value addition. I. To promote technology interventions at the downstream end of the products will help in value addition of the products and increase their price at the one hand and reduce the vulnerability of perishing the products on the other. II. Development of processing facilities for different seeds and vegetable crops to increase the shelf value and minimise the losses to the farmers due to glut of Horticultural produce in the market during the peak production reason. III. Providing facilities for value addition of crops like medicinal and aromatic plants. 8. Marketing Network and Market Development Since marketing has been identified as the primary constraints in development of the Horticulture sector, a well co-ordinated strategy will be followed for development of marketing infrastructure and market linkages. Development of market linkages through promotion of a chain of marketing operator viz. consolidators, traders, and commission agents will be attempted. For this purpose, necessary regulatory frame work will be put in place through amendment of APMC Act so that value chain is maintained. 26
In Annual Action Plan for 2010-11 to 2012-13, stress has not been given on Marketing Infrastructure as the supply chain viz sorting/grading/packaging/storage/ transportation through refrigerated van because a separate comprehensive project sponsored by Asian Development Bank is under progress. This project is designed to strengthen the agribusiness infrastructure development. Currently two value chains one at Muzaffarpur for fruits and vegetables and the other at Nalanda on potato and vegetables are being worked out. This project envisages creating marketing infrastructure and cold chain for fruits and vegetables. To strengthen Marketing Infrastructure for horticultural crops a terminal market near Potahi near Patna (22kms from Patna) is under way for which global tender has already been invited. For the financial year 2010-11 Rs. 17.5 crores (approximate) will be proposed separately as assistance. 9. HRD for Mission Management and Capacity Building A. Identification of persons and their orientation in terms of induction training B. Identification of different target groups and their training as per the training strategy. C. Training and orientation programmes will be conducted for the field officers of the horticulture department responsible for extending the programme to the farmers to aware them about appropriate varieties, management practices etc. Special know-how about controlling pests and diseases in fruits and vegetable crops. D. Emphesis will be given on developing trainers and resource persons from the department as well as local level to upscale institutionalize the programme. E. Design and develop structured methods for project monitoring. 10. Research and Development A. Establishment of plant health clinic centers at R.A.U., Pusa, Samastipur & Patna. B. Promotion of organic farming through vermi composting & bio-pesticides. C. Developing procedures and processes for certification. 27
CHAPTER IV SWOT ANALYSIS Strength 1. Rich Bio-diversity, fertile soils available with option to grow variety of crops and plants, as climate and soil highly suitable for growing quality fruits. 2. Easy availability of ground water and adequate rainfall. 3. Cheap and skilled labour force locally available. 4. NGOs network available for almost all the areas of farmer s interest. 5. Well connected to most parts of the country by Rail/ Road/Air/ Waterways 6. Strong R and D network present for Human Resource Development. 7. Scope for apiary, floriculture, mushroom cultivation and Makhana. 8. Agro climate and fertile soils ideally suited for mango (Maldah variety), Banana, Guava, Jack fruit, Citrus, Papaya, Coconut, Litchi, Pineapple and Betelvine crops. 9. Conducive climatic conditions and expertise are available for successful cultivation of betelvine. 10. Availability of promising traditional races of mango (Maldah, Jardalu, Safeda, Gulab Khas, Bambaiya, Sipia, Sukul), papaya, guava, jackfruit, Jamun etc. 11. Expertise of traditional vegetable and fruit growers available. 12. Soil, climate, ground water conducive to grow vegetables, spices and flowers. 13. Ready market for all vegetables and flowers produced with potential for export to neighbouring states and countries. 14. State has naturally occurring medicinal and aromatic plants like Sarpagandha, Shatawar, Bramhi, Gurmar, Kalihari, Mentha, Lemon grass, Pama rosa, Tulsi etc. 15. Post Havest Management viz sorting/grading/packaging/storage/transportation through refrigerated van is linked with Asian Development Bank Project. For successful implementation of the project Govt. of Bihar has taken initiative and sanctioned the project and a token sum of Rs. 10crores has been allocated under these heads. 16. Marketing Infrastructure for horticultural crops after value addition is linked with terminal market for which global tender has already been invited for one unit during this financial year Rs. 17.5 crores will be disbursed in two instalments as assitance. Weakness 1. Degradation of soil fertility due to continuous cropping without adequate soil health management practices. 2. Obstruction of natural drainage system and incidence of flash floods, leading to water logging for prolonged durations 3. Large number of small and fragmented land holdings as land consolidation not done and large number of absentee landowners. 4. Low literacy in rural areas leading to exploitation by rural moneylenders and high migration of local labour. 5. Poor maintenance of rural road network and absence of assured power supply in rural areas. 6. Unorganized market structure for most of the horticultural commodities. 7. Poor post-harvest technology, Lack of processing, packaging, preservation and export infrastructure. 8. Extension support services poor. 9. Shortage of reliable nurseries to supply good quality planting material. 10. Full potential of orchards not exploited by following agri- horti - agrostology - apiculture. 11. Non-adoption of scientific package of practices by growers. 12. Imbalanced use of chemicals and pesticides by vegetable growers. 13. Low level of awareness on profitability and techno-managerial skills with farmers. 28
Opportunities 1. Unexplored bio-diversity with respect to vegetables. 2. Avenues for sale and procurement in bulk through internet. 3. Promotional schemes by Central and State Governments. 4. Large skilled caste groups available for Vegetable cultivation, Floriculture, apiculture, betelvine and Makhana. 5. Knowledgeable farming community and willingness to go for diversification for better and sustainable income. 6. Immense scope for opening Plant Health Clinics in light of large number of unemployed agricultural and allied graduates and demand for their services in rural areas. 7. Great scope for developing marketing infrastructure 8. Agro-processing can be promoted in a big way. 9. Immense scope and demand for setting up pack houses, cold chains, processing and storage facilities. 10. Great scope for production of non-traditional vegetables in the state. 11. Scope for intensification of floriculture and floriculture based industries. 12. High demand and remuneration for vegetable seed production. 13. Scope for marketing by producers / Village youth through FIG /CIG for remunerative prices. 14. Scope for intensification of spices cultivation through FIG and CIG. Threats 1. Injudicious use of agricultural chemicals, polluting ground aquifers. 2. Non availability of labour force at peak agricultural season. 3. Immense biotic pressure, urbanization, unplanned infrastructure, development interfering with natural resource management. 4. Absentee farmers and large-scale migration of rural work force. 5. People are generally unaware about sustainability of infrastructure and its maintenance 6. Recurrence of natural vagaries like floods and droughts in different parts of the state. 7. Highly fragmented land holding due to absence of land consolidation. 8. Access to better and leading markets for better prices not possible in absence of cooling chambers and refrigerated transportation facilities. 9. Lack of planned marketing strategies combined with higher productivity in vegetables and floriculture may adversely affect the entrepreneurs. 10. Indiscriminate use of pesticides in vegetable crops. 29