RFID in Food Traceability and Container Security Andre Poucet European Commission - Joint Research Centre Institute for Protection and Security of the Citizen Traceability and vulnerability assessment unit
Why animal identification and registration? Management of subsidies provided under the Common Agricultural Policy (based on animal age, species, breeding type and number of animals on farm) Control of contagious diseases and rapid tracing of animals in case of outbreak (BSE, scrapies, FMD) Farm management and production control (milk recording, automatic weighing,...)
European Directive 92/102/CEE of 1992 (Animal Identification and Registration) Article 10: Not later than 31 December 1996 the Council will review the provisions of the Directive with a view to defining a harmonized Community identification and registration system and shall decide on the possibility of introducing electronic identification devices in the light of the progress achieved in this field by the International Standards Organization (ISO) References to RFID in EU documents Council Regulation (CE) 1760/2000 (Bovine Identification and Registration) Article 4: Not later than 31 December 2000, the Council, acting on the basis of a report from the Commission accompanied by any eventual proposals, shall decide on the possibility of introducing electronic identification devices in the light of the progress achieved in this field SANCO Regulation Com 2002/0729 (Ovine and Caprine Individual Identification and Registration)
Conventional Animal ID Systems Plastic eartags,, tattoos, cuts, ink, etc... Inconveniences of these systems: - Loss, breakage, alterations - Difficult to read when ageing - Slow reading and risk of errors
Electronic Identifiers Active systems: small radio-transmitters Passive systems: transponders 134 khz technology 13 MHz technology Programmable Read Only, WORM Ideal features low cost no battery Selected for animal tagging short reading time sufficient reading distance standardised (cross compatibility)
Electronic Animal Identification System RF Wave 3) Antenna 1) Passive transponder 134.2 khz 2) RF Module Power Read Scan 5) Database 4) Computer
Electronic Identification Device Types Injectable Transponder Electronic Eartag Ruminal Bolus
JRC projects on Animal Identification FEOGA Project (CT. 342, 93-94): Study on 10,000 passive transponders ( micro-chips ) injected under the skin in sheep (5,000), bovines (3,000) and goats (2,000) to evaluate injection sites, to perform preliminary trials with ruminal bolus. Project AIR3 (CT. 2304, 95-97): partly continuation of FEOGA project to investigate long term performance, partly extension to 25000 animals leading the way to a large scale experiment IDEA project (1998-2003): to study, on a large scale (1 million animals) the key parameters, performance and needed organisational structure for the implementation of an unique Electronic Identification system in EU livestock
Key elements of IDEA Project Countries Animal Items Electronic Devices Human Resources France Germany Netherlands Italy Portugal Spain 900.000 Animals 4 Species 10 Breeding Types 46 Breeding Assoc. 6077 Farms 76 Slaughterhouses 640.000 Boluses 245.000 Eartags 35.000 Injectables 224 Static Readers 1046 Portable Read. 4860 Farm Readers 221 Computers 53 Identification Teams (2 persons/team) 52 Control Teams (1p) 26 Recovery Teams (1p) 24 Project Coordinators 10 Project Managers
Introduction of a Ruminal Bolus
Static Reading of Electronic Tags
Static Readers
Dynamic Reading of Electronic Tags
Dynamic Readers and Antennae
- Carcass traceability: Other elements of farm to fork traceability - Electronic Passport: Smart cards selection including security aspects, Contents, application in real conditions. - Adaptation of tags and readers to carcass labeling - Development of informatics tools (programming, data transfer ) - In field tests, in-field measurements
EID + DNA Tracing: ID Transfer System Electronic ID code + Biological Sample Nº: 0999 000123456789 References: Genetic Identity Verification Identity transfer EID - Label Identity transfer Label - Label EID Animal Labelling System
Container seals today Several examples of commercial seals in use today. Seals are based on a locking system, the identification is the number printed on the seal. The cost is very low. But also the level of security is limited.
Container sealing vulnerabilities
Technologies that could enhance container security Information systems and risk assessment IT Systems to enhance traceability Data sharing E-seals, RFID s Sensors and smart containers Common criteria Performance reqs. Interoperability Tech.Standards Scanning equipment at e.g. harbors X-ray machines Active and passive neutron detection devices Gamma spectrometry
RFID s and containers First level of security: Self authenticating (multi-transponder) seal in the form of solid steel bolt or clamp or a seal based on pressure sensor to secure the container door. Additional level of security: Remote monitoring system integrating main door seals with additional sensors inside the container. A data logger to store sensors alarms A GSM modem to transmit in real time. On line database to manage the identification data and the alarms.
Seals for container security & related costs Standard commercial seal modified to include one passive transponder as an identifier. Estimated cost for an industrialized product about 5 euro Self authenticating seals with multiple transponders A transponder to indicate tampering A programmable transponder to record the seal history e.g. events and trajectory data Estimated cost for an industrialized product about 30 to 40 euro
Seals: different levels of container security & related costs Standard commercial seal modified to include one programmable passive transponder. Estimated cost for an industrialized product: ~ 5 euro Self authenticating seal with multiple transponders (one programmable: Estimated cost for an industrialized product: ~ 30 euro Self authenticating seal with transponder and pressure sensor Estimated cost for an industrialized product: ~ 40 euro
Smart container Volumetric, temperature sensors Data logger GSM Modem Smart seal
Event notification: real time and/or stored on local logger GSM / UMTS network Monitoring station (cell phone) Commercial container equipped with alarm system Monitoring station (PC) 2
THANK YOU For more information Dr. Andre Poucet Head of Unit IPSC/G7 "Traceability and Vulnerability Assessment" Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen (IPSC) European Commission - Joint Research Centre I - 21020 Ispra, Italy Tel.: +39 0332 786232 Fax.: +39 0332 785145 E-Mail: Andre.Poucet@cec.eu.int Animal tagging: http://idea.jrc.it Container security: http://silab.jrc.it