Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- III : MINERAL REVIEWS)

Indian Minerals Yearbook 2013 (Part- III : MINERAL REVIEWS) 52 nd Edition OCHRE (FINAL RELEASE) GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR 440 001 PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648 E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in Website: www.ibm.gov.in July, 2015 37-1

37 Ochre Ochre is a natural earth pigment containing hydrated iron oxide, which ranges in colour from yellow to deep orange or brown. The pigmentary quality is mainly due to the presence of iron oxide; hydrated iron oxide imparts yellow colour and anhydrous iron oxide red. A mixture of ferrous and ferric oxide imparts mainly brown besides other shades. Ochres are non-toxic and can be used to make paints that dries quickly and covers surfaces thoroughly. Occurences of ochre have been reported from several states in the country. RESOURCES Deposits of red ochre are found chiefly in West Godavari and Visakhapatnam districts in Andhra Pradesh; Banaskantha district in Gujarat; Bidar district in Karnataka; Satna and Gwalior districts in Madhya Pradesh; Nagpur district in Maharashtra; and Chittorgarh and Udaipur districts in Deposits of yellow ochre are found in Guntur and Kurnool districts in Andhra Pradesh; Jabalpur, Mandla, Satna and Shahdol districts in Madhya Pradesh and Nagpur district in Maharashtra. The total resources of ochre as on 1.4.2010 as per the UNFC system, are estimated at 144.26 million tonnes. Out of these resources, about 54.94 million tonnes are reserves and 89.31 million tonnes are remaining resources. Of the total, about 87% resources are of red ochre,11% of yellow ochre and remaining 2% of grades "not-known". About 81% resources are concentrated in Rajasthan, followed by Andhra Pradesh 8%, Madhya Pradesh 7% and Gujarat about 2%. The remaining 2% resources are located in Karnataka, Maharashtra, Jharkhand and Uttar Pradesh (Table - 1). PRODUCTION, STOCKS & PRICES The production of ochre at 1.79 million tonnes in 2012-13 increased by about 14% as against the production in the previous year. There were 37 reporting mines in 2012-13 as against 43 in the previous year. Besides, the production of ochre was also reported as an associated mineral from 13 mines. Six principal producers accounted for 77% of the total production during the year. The entire production of ochre was reported from private sector in the both years. Rajasthan continued to be the leading State producing ochre, contributing 93% of the total production in 2012-13 followed by Andhra Pradesh 5%, Madhya Pradesh 2% and remaining minor production was contributed by Gujarat. (Tables- 2 to 5). Mine-head stocks of ochre at the end of 2012-13 were 442 thousand tonnes as against 398 thousand tonnes at the beginning of the year (Table- 6). The average daily employment of labour in 2012-13 was 492 as against 454 in the previous year. Domestic prices of ochre are furnished in the General Review on 'Prices'. MINING & PROCESSING Ochre is worked by shallow open-pit mining. In certain areas, it is also worked by underground method of board-and-pillar. Red and yellow ochres occur separately in different bands,depending upon the hydration either in the same mine or in different mines.the run-of-mine contains gritty matter which is removed by levigation & also by hand sorting wherever possible. 37-2

Table 1 : Reserves/Resources of Ochre as on 1.4.2010 (By Grades/States) (In tonnes) Reserves Remaining resources Total Proved Probable Total Feasibility Pre-feasibility Measured Indicated Inferred Reconnaissance Total resources STD111 (A) STD211 STD331 STD332 STD333 STD334 (B) (A+B) STD121 STD122 STD221 STD222 All India : Total 39863403 683093 14395680 54942176 15897677 13232482 21008598 2477593 3232246 32701243 769250 89319089 144261265 By Grades Red Ochre 37974003 192682 13661485 51828170 15694029 12293432 18915924 1840981 927381 23070808 769250 73511805 125339975 Yellow Ochre 1654547 457712 687865 2800124 17680 758567 1682025 596612 2218504 8501906-13775294 16575418 37-3 Not-known 234853 32699 46330 313882 185968 180483 410649 40000 86361 1128529-2031990 2345872 By States OCHRE Andhra Pradesh 1692839 344121 631277 2668237-97810 1199762 347681-6569575 - 8214828 10883065 Gujarat 12243 32699 65047 109989 - - 26520 6971 6210 2906608-2946309 3056298 Jharkhand 63695-4361 68056 - - - - 147039 - - 147039 215095 Karnataka - - - - - - 1766367 - - - 20000 1786367 1786367 Madhya Pradesh 486269 128178 41027 655474 253245 1549706 1094108 267721 2141616 3732142 749250 9787788 10443262 Maharashtra 22260-16000 38260 17680 38080 100980 6010 6010 286000-454760 493020 Rajasthan 37586097 178095 13637968 51402160 15626752 11546886 16820861 1824210 896371 19196918-65911998 117314158 Uttar Pradesh - - - - - - - 25000 35000 10000-70000 70000 Figures rounded off.

Table 2 : Principal Producers of Ochre, 2012-13 Name & address of producer State Location of mine District *Mohd. Sherkhan Pathan, Rajasthan Chittorgarh P. O. Sawa-312 613, Dist. Chittorgarh, Anil Kumar Sukhwal, Rajasthan Chittorgarh Post Sawa-312 613, Dist. Chittorgarh, *Mohmmed Sayeed Khan, Rajasthan Chittorgarh At & Post Sawa-312 613, Dist. Chittorgarh, Star minerals, Rajasthan Chittorgarh Post: Sawa-312 613, Dist. Chittorgarh, *Bhagwan Swaroop Mandowara Rajasthan Bhilwara C/o R.B.Mining Co.,Gudda, P.O.Mandal-311 403, Dist. Bhilwara, M.J. Minerals Rajasthan Chittorgarh Prop.Muhamaa Jawed Khan, P.O. Sawa-312 613 Dist. Chittorgarh,, * Producing ochre as an associated mineral. Table 3 : Production of Ochre, 2010-11 to 2012-13 (By States) (Qty in tonnes; value in L'000) State 2010-11 (P) Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value India 1218261 240374 1576265 276937 1794475 452495 Andhra Pradesh 39376 6194 189087 32921 94186 13537 Gujarat 2719 299 5525 608 4690 516 Jharkhand 1200 205 - - - - Karnataka 34157 29063 1126 5067 - - Madhya Pradesh 44897 5593 54089 8339 34491 6323 Rajasthan 1095912 199020 1326438 230002 1661108 432119 37-4

Table 4: Production of Ochre, 2011-12 and 2012-13 (By Sector/States/Districts) (Qty in tonnes; value in L'000) State/District (P) No. of mines Quantity Value No. of mines Quantity Value India 43(19) 1576265 276937 37(13) 1794475 452495 Private sector 43(19) 1576265 276937 37(13) 1794475 452495 Andhra Pradesh 8(3) 189087 32921 11 94186 13537 Anantpur 1 3665 898 - - - Cuddapah 3 140320 25417 8 77244 11271 Godawari West (1) 25078 4063 - - - Guntur (1) 1702 85 - - - Kurnool 4(1) 18322 2458 3 16942 2266 Gujarat 2 5525 608 2 4690 516 Patan 2 5525 608 2 4690 516 Karnataka (1) 1126 5067 - - - Bellary (1) 1126 5067 - - - Madhya Pradesh 16(4) 54089 8339 11(2) 34491 6323 Jabalpur 3(1) 10500 1317 3 5939 1281 Katni (1) 855 86 (1) 2255 564 Rewa 1(1) 8845 1434 1(1) 4995 773 Satna 11(1) 32089 4512 6 19202 3495 Umaria 1 1800 990 1 2100 210 Rajasthan 17(11) 1326438 230002 13(11) 1661108 432119 Bharatpur 1 1205 217 1 743 134 Bhilwara 1(2) 63317 14374 1(2) 103151 26461 Bikaner (2) 16542 1320 (3) 10367 907 Bundi (1) 6729 807 (1) 11751 2033 Chittorgarh 9(5) 960944 176480 5(4) 1309148 377771 Pratapgarh 2 147904 18608 2 153835 15305 Sikar 1 19750 2765 - - - Udaipur 3(1) 110047 15431 4(1) 72113 9508 Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. Table 5 : Production of Ochre, 2011-12 and 2012-13 (P) (By Frequency Groups) (Qty in tonnes) No. of mines Production Percentage in total Cumulative percentage Production for the groups production group All Groups 43(19) 37(13) 1576265 1794475 100.00 100.00 Up to 5000 24(7) 22(5) 52970 40920 3.36 2.28 3.36 2.28 5001 to 10000 6(2) 4(1) 53807 32948 3.42 1.84 6.78 4.12 10001 to 20000 5(2) 3(1) 103586 55902 6.57 3.11 13.35 7.23 20001 to 30000 1(1) 3(1) 47628 92802 3.02 5.17 16.37 12.40 30001 & above 7(7) 5(5) 1318274 1571903 83.63 87.60 100.00 100.00 Figures in parentheses indicate number of associated mines. 37-5

CONSUMPTION Consumption of ochre in 2012-13 in the organised sector was estimated at 1,100 thousand tonnes of which cement industry alone consumed about 99%. The remaining consumption was together shared by ceramic, foundry, glass, paint and paper industries. A sizeable quantity is believed to have been consumed by small-scale units as well as cottage industries. However, consumption data in this sector are not available (Table-7 ). Ochre is used in colour - washes, distempers, oil paints, lacquers, primers and also for imparting colour to paper and cement. It dominates the market because it is cheaper, available in abundance and has good pigmentary quality. At present, synthetic ferric oxide and other pigments are manufactured extensively and these possess better pigmentary properties than natural ochre. Synthetic products are fast replacing the natural ones, particularly because of quality. Table 6 : Mine-head Stocks of Ochre 2012-13 (P) (By States) (In tonnes) State At the beginning At the end of the year of the year India 397609 442084 Andhra Pradesh 25233 20743 Gujarat 729 1054 Jharkhand 973 2973 Karnataka 19104 7921 Madhya Pradesh 84663 72652 Rajasthan 266907 336741 Table 7 : Consumption of Ochre, 2010-11 to 2012-13 (By Industries) (In tonnes) Industry 2010-11 2011-12(R) 2012-13(P) All Industries 733700 976000 1100400 Cement 721300(10) 963500(13) 1087900(13) Ceramic 8900 (1) 8900 (1) 8900 (1) Glass ++ (2) ++ (2) ++ (2) Paint 3500 (10) 3600(15) 3600(15) Figures rounded off. Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in organised sector reporting* industrial consumption. (*) Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates made wherever required. Note: Data on consumption of ochre (including oxide) relate to units reporting from organised sector only. The data do not include consumption in small-scale units, cottage industries, colour washing, construction industry, etc. 37-6

FOREIGN TRADE Exports Exports of ochre increased marginally to 8,378 tonnes in 2012-13 from 7,741 tonnes in the previous year. Out of total exports in 2012-13,exports of earth colours were 6,338 tonnes, redoxide 1,388 tonnes and yellow ochre 652 tonnes. Exports were mainly to Netherlands (24%), Philippines (17%), Saudi Arabia (11%) and UAE (8 %). Exports of earth clay in 2012-13 were 13,949 tonnes compared to 4,498 tonnes in the previous year. Exports were mainly to Malaysia, Saudi Arabia and Republic of Korea, (Tables - 8 to 13). Imports Imports of ochre decreased slightly to 1,222 tonnes in 2012-13 from 1,359 tonnes in the previous year. Out of total imports in 2012-13, imports of earth colours were 17 tonnes, red oxide 1121 tonnes, Persian red 74 tonnes and yellow ochre 10 tonnes. Imports of ochre were mainly from USA(72%), China (7%) & Germany (5%). Imports of earth clay were 196 tonnes in 2012-13 as against 65 tonnes in the previous year. The imports were mainly from Indonesia (Tables - 14 to 19). Table 8 : Exports of Ochre : Total All Countries 7741 126359 8378 104308 Saudi Arabia 1367 15975 945 17451 Philippines 1873 13470 1403 17289 Nepal 148 5145 536 6675 UAE 710 9558 664 5089 Indonesia 260 3314 393 4807 Table 9 : Exports of Ochre: Earth Colours All Countries 5997 63390 6338 54787 Philippines 1872 13391 1352 15955 Saudi Arabia 874 9143 389 4521 Kuwait 55 1129 174 4417 Netherlands - - 2000 4049 Indonesia 230 2654 267 3526 China 230 3930 157 2973 Nepal 80 273 461 2643 Romania 13 178 176 2462 UAE 345 4849 550 1902 Germany 145 2137 69 1737 Other countries 2153 25706 743 10602 Table 10 : Exports of Ochre: Yellow Ochre All Countries 296 7228 652 14706 Saudi Arabia 66 2072 287 6360 Spain 31 964 74 2113 USA 33 672 97 1488 South Africa 2 76 19 1075 Tanzania 20 156 49 651 Philippines 1 79 19 566 UAE 6 106 14 481 Nepal 1 177 2 352 Senegal - - 4 336 Ethiopia 46 403 15 278 Other countries 90 2523 72 1006 Table 11 : Exports of Persian Red China 230 3930 223 4729 Kuwait 55 1129 174 4417 Netherlands - - 2000 4049 Tanzania 255 2669 299 3970 Thailand 357 5250 192 3599 Other countries 2486 65919 1549 32233 All Countries 55 5750 - - Italy 55 5750 - - Other countries - - - - 37-7

Table 12 : Exports of Ochre: Red Oxide All Countries 1393 49991 1388 34815 Saudi Arabia 427 4760 269 6570 Nepal 67 4695 73 3680 UAE 359 4603 100 2707 Tanzania, Rep. 17 1047 147 2161 Thailand 25 1042 85 1834 Senegal - - 35 1806 China - - 66 1757 Yemen, Rep. of - - 17 1444 Indonesia 30 660 124 1256 Ethiopia 1 63 22 1153 Other countries 467 33121 450 10447 Table 13 : Exports of Earth Clay All Countries 4498 68972 13949 57295 Malaysia 1 7 11315 25823 Saudi Arabia 3067 38441 1200 9295 Spain 97 2817 312 8837 Bangladesh 48 520 96 2539 Israel 208 1251 96 2068 Korea, Rep.of - - 400 1933 UAE 239 6310 101 1534 Oman 90 828 73 1136 Tanzania 39 458 83 966 Nepal 18 328 112 616 Other countries 691 18012 161 2548 Table 14 : Imports of Ochre: Total All Countries 1359 66315 1222 61759 USA 403 15982 874 22227 China 548 18549 89 10775 Indonesia 6 873 48 9332 Germany 113 9416 62 6123 Korea Rep.of 4 956 29 5092 Belgium 16 231 29 3267 Turkmenistan - - 10 1094 Brazil 1 260 50 919 Denmark - - 2 498 Thailand 39 4900 2 459 Other countries 229 15148 27 1973 Table 15 : Imports of Ochre: Earth Colours All Countries 554 7960 17 437 Belgium 16 231 16 259 USA - - ++ 90 Romania - - 1 41 Japan - - ++ 20 Italy - - ++ 17 Canada - - ++ 5 France ++ 4 ++ 5 Other countries 538 7725 - - Table 16 : Imports of Ochre: Yellow Ochre All Countries 5 1820 10 4114 China - - 9 3234 Belgium - - ++ 368 Germany ++ 599 ++ 218 Italy 3 798 1 207 Japan - - ++ 87 Other countries 2 423 - - Table 17 : Imports of Persian Red All Countries 31 6460 74 14490 Indonesia 6 768 48 9332 Korea, Rep. of - - 24 4733 USA ++ 117 2 424 Other countries 25 5575 ++ 1 37-8

Table 18 : Imports of Red Oxide All Countries 769 50075 1121 42718 USA 402 15833 872 21713 China 141 13451 80 7541 Germany 113 8817 62 5906 Belgium - - 13 2639 Turkmenistan - - 10 1094 Brazil 1 260 50 919 Denmark - - 2 498 Thailand 21 2548 2 459 Korea, Rep. of 4 956 5 359 Croatia - - 20 337 Other countries 87 8210 5 1253 Table 19 : Imports of Earth Clay All Countries 65 4751 196 10056 Indonesia - - 128 7432 China - - 18 1024 Japan 10 394 25 980 Cyprus, Rep. of 20 563 24 554 Germany 15 1647 1 26 Netherlands - - ++ 24 UK - - ++ 11 Portugal - - ++ 4 Other countries 20 2147 ++ 1 37-9