College of Agriculture College of Engineering Biofuels Research at Purdue Nathan Mosier and Otto Doering Agricultural and Biological Engineering Agricultural Economics
Integrated, Multidisciplinary Approach to Bioenergy Production at Purdue Harvest & Transport Klein Ileleji ABE biomass crop genetics Clint Chapple Biochem Rick Meilan Forestry Pretreatment Mike Ladisch Nate Mosier ABE Proteomics/Ionomics Center Bindley Bioscience Center Cellulose Hydrolysis Nate Mosier ABE Biohydrogen Fermentation John Patterson Animal Science Economics Otto Doering Wally Tyner Ag Econ Laboratory of Renewable Resources Engineering Purdue Energy Center Ethanol Fermentation Nancy Ho Mira Sedlak LORRE Ethanol Recovery Mike Ladisch ABE
Cropping Systems and Biofuels: Challenges and Opportunities Add value, maintain sustainability Cropping systems to meet the challenges and opportunities in biofuels
2004 US Ethanol Industry: Grain Based Dry Grind 2004 Ethanol (Billion gallons) 2.55 2004 Fiber (million metric tons) 7.30 distillers grains Wet Mills 0.85 0.43 gluten meal 2.36 gluten feed Renewable Fuels Association, 2005; http://www.ethanolrfa.org/outlook2005.pdf
Bridge to Cellulosic Ethanol: Distillers Grain and Corn Fiber Cellulosic fiber packaged with grain Byproduct of current industry value as ruminant animal feed Introduces technology to existing infrastructure proving ground for future
Inlet Fiber
Glucan Digestibility (%) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% DDGS: Cellulose Digestibility Distillers' Grains as Received from Big Combined River Resources, results of LLC Purdue, U. of Illinois, USDA-NCAUR, Michigan State College of Agriculture College of Engineering 15 FPU/g glucan cellulase (Spezyme CP) +40 IU/g glucan b-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) Digestibility of corn stover (for comparison) 0% 0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 Enzyme Digestion Time (hrs)
Cellulose Digestibility 100% CpHLHW Glucan Digestibility (%) 80% 60% 40% 20% DG Standard Assay 1 g glucan/l loading (low solids) College of Agriculture College of Engineering 15 FPU/g glucan cellulase (Spezyme CP) +40 IU/g glucan b-glucosidase (Novozyme 188) 0% 0 24 48 72 Enzyme Digestion Time (hrs)
Corn Fiber Pretreated Corn Fiber 160 o C, 20 min. After 4 days of enzyme treatment (20 FPU/gram dry fiber) After 1 day of enzyme treatment (20 FPU/gram dry fiber)
50 Fermentation: 30% DG + Stillage 40 Concentration (g/l) 30 20 Glucose Ethanol 10 0 0 12 24 36 48 Fermentation Time (hrs)
Industrial Partners
Designing biomass crops Properties of the ideal biomass source: High yield, and good quality large plants good disease and pest resistance Suitable chemical composition efficient processing good agronomic performance Tissue distribution relatively high proportion of desirable tissue Some of these characteristics are mutually exclusive!
Genetic Basis for Processing Performance Mosier, Ladisch, Vermerris Purdue 10 µm Agriculture
Engineering cell wall composition Lignin good understanding of pathway likely to have impact on biomass conversion physical shielding of cellulose inhibitor of cellulases Cellulose moderate understanding of biosynthesis important because it is the source of glucose Hemicellulose poor understanding of biosynthesis important because of cross-linking function source of hexose and pentose sugars
Cell wall genomics Forward and reverse genetics approaches to identify genes involved in cell wall biogenesis Insertional mutagenesis with transposons (Mutator) Screening of mutant populations with NIR and FTIR Funded by NSF Plant Genome Nick Carpita PI http://cellwall.genomics.purdue.edu
NIR screening 15.0 Arabidopsis mur8 mur1 rsw1 11.3 7.5 3.8 0.0 16 12 8 0 100 200 300 400 500 4 Observation Number Maize 4120-- 4315-- 0132-- 0141-- 0102-- 0302-- 4106-- 030118 4313-- F-ratio value F-ratio value 0 0 200 400 600 800 Observation Number
Amaizing.. Arabidopsis lettuce elf ears
Bioenergy Production Complex issues Biomass production Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Fermentation Recovery Interdisciplinary Teams Required Molecular Biology more than genes and cloning!