Nonrenewable Energy Resources and Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Environmental Engineering Class
Nonrenewable Energy Resources Definition Evaluating Energy resources Oil Natural Gas Coal Nuclear Energy
Energy is the Ability To Do Work All of these sources provide us the energy we need to live our busy lives.
Definition: Non-renewable Energy Resource Non-renewable energy resource: an energy resource that is not replaced or is replaced only very slowly by natural processes. Primary examples of non-renewable energy resources are the fossil fuels oil, natural gas, and coal. Fossil fuels are continually produced by the decay of plant and animal matter, but the rate of their production is extremely slow, very much slower than the rate at which we use them. Any non-renewable energy resources that we use are not replaced in a reasonable amount of time (our lifetime, our children's lifetime,...) and are thus considered "used up", not available to us again.
Different Sources of Energy:
The Different Sources of Energy
Sources of Energy in Mexico
Sources of Energy in Germany
World s Energy Consumption 1 Watt is approximately 3.41 BTU/h 1000 BTU/h is approximately 293 W
U.S. Energy Consumption With only 4.6% of the population in 2002 the U.S. used 26% of the world s commercial energy. This is more energy than the toal used the next four largest energy consuming countries.
Energy Consumption of Mexico
Energy Consumption of Germany
Oil: Petroleum, or crude oil, is a thick liquid consisting of hundreds of combustible hydrocarbons, along with small amounts of sulfur, oxygen and nitrogen impurities. This organic fuel was produced by the remains of plants and animals that were buried under lake and ocean sediments 2-140 million years ago.
Different Products being extracted from Crude Oil: Gases Gasoline Aviation fuel Heating Oil Diesel Oil Naphtha Grease and Wax Asphalt
One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 20 gallons of finished motor gasoline, and 7 gallons of diesel, as well as other petroleum products.
=>Fossil fuels like Oil need to be substituted in the future for conservation of the environment and to ensure availability of energy for all human activities
=>Considering the CO² Emissions Oil has an average Pollution-Energy Ratio
Natural Gas Natural Gas is a fossil fuel found underground in gaseous State It ussually lies above reservoirs of Crude Oil
=>Natural Gas is a cleaner Energy source than p.e. Oil but it still conributes to the decay of the environment
Coal Coal is a fossil fuel formed in several stages as buried remains of land plants that lived 300-400 million years ago were subjected to intense heat and pressure over many millions of years. Coal contains small amounts of sulfur, released into the atmosphere as it is burned. Trace amounts of mercury and radioactive materials are also released.
Carbon is widely used as an electricity producing fuel, but it is also a very large source of the worlds air pollution, however, projects are still being developed for coal burning generation plants worldwide.
Synthetic Fuels: Synthetic fuel or synfuel is any liquid fuel obtained from coal, natural gas, or biomass. =>plays a minor role as an energy resource
Nuclear Energy Nuclear Reaction: Inside the reactor of an atomic power plant, uranium atoms are split apart in a controlled chain reaction. In a chain reaction, particles released by the splitting of the atom go off and strike other uranium atoms splitting those. Those particles given off split still other atoms in a chain reaction. In nuclear power plants, control rods are used to keep the splitting regulated so it doesn't go too fast.
=>Biggest Disadvantage of Nuclear Power is radioactive Waste and its long-term storage
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency Ways to Improve Efficiency Solar Energy Water Wind Car Technologies
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Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency Definition: It is the percentage of total energy input into an energy conversion device that does useful work. And it s not converted to low quality, essentially useless heat. Improving this efficiency involves using less energy to do more useful work.
=>43% of the energy is unnecessarily lost!
=> The Advantage of using Solar Power Technology for Space Heating is obvious.
Heat Loss to the environment caused by insufficient insulation:
Superinsulated House: =>Little or no need for a backup heating system
Net Energy Efficiency for Heating:
Two Kinds of Solar Heating:
Using Solar Cells to provide Electricity:
Hydropower:
Hydropower in Germany: Turbine Hall of a Hydropower Plant in Southern Germany
Hydropower in Mexico There are 21 government Hydropower dams operating in the country They add close to 10% of the total electric generation of the country (without counting the private dams) El cajon The newest hydroelectric dam, which has a capacity of 750 MW. Located in the state of Nayarit.
Wind Power:
Windpower generation in Mexico Wind farm in La Venta, Oaxaca : 105 wind turbines, with a capacity of 84.875 MW One wind turbine operating in Southern Baja California, with a.6 MW Capacity
Windpark in Mecklenburg Vorpommern, North- East of Germany Distribution of Windparks in Germany =>
Windpower Generation in Germany Germany is the leading producer of wind power, with 28% of the total world capacity in 2006 and a total output of 38.5 TWh in 2007 (6.3% of German electricity); The official target is for renewable energy to meet 12.5% of German electricity needs by 2010 this target may be reached ahead of schedule. Germany has 18,600 wind turbines, mostly in the north of the country including three of the biggest in the world, constructed by the companies Enercon (6 MW), Multibrid(5MW) and Repower(5MW). Germany's Schleswig-Holstein province generates 36% of its power with wind turbines.
Development of Installed Windpower in Germany and Europe
Car Technologies: Hybrid Cars Hydrogen-Hybrid Bio-Ethanol / Methanol
Hybrid Car:
Toyota Prius:
Toyota Prius: Combustion Engine on the left side; Electrical Engine powered by Batteries
Hydrogen-Hybrid Car: A hydrogen vehicle is a vehicle that uses hydrogen as its on-board fuel for motive power. The term may refer to a personal transportation vehicle, such as an automobile, or any other vehicle that uses hydrogen in a similar fashion, such as an aircraft. The power plants of such vehicles convert the chemical energy of hydrogen to mechanical energy (torque) in one of two methods: combustion, or electrochemical conversion in a fuel-cell: In combustion, the hydrogen is burned in engines in fundamentally the same method as traditional gasoline cars. In fuel-cell conversion, the hydrogen is reacted with oxygen to produce water and electricity, the latter of which is used to power an electric traction motor.
Principle of the Hydrogen-Cell:
Hydrogen Combustion Principle: BMW Clean Energy left: filler neck of a BMW for hydrogen right: filler neck for fuel
BMW CleanEnergy vehicles BMW CleanEnergy vehicles have both a hydrogen and a petrol tank. If one of the tanks is empty, the bivalent BMW engine unit switches over automatically to the other fuel system. One decisive advantage of the combustion engine is bivalence. It enables both hydrogen and petrol to be used, thus creating the ideal conditions for a transition from non-regenerative to regenerative drive energies. During electrolysis water is split into its components of hydrogen and oxygen. The hydrogen is stored and the oxygen is needed in the vehicle for the combustion of the hydrogen. The combustion process generates energy and water as a waste product, which returns to the natural water cycle. And so with the aid of regenerative energy suppliers, an emission-free fuel is obtained.
The main difference of Bio-Fuels to regular Gasoline is that they are renewable and therefore not limited by amount available.