some bacteria will have an outer capsule which gives them greater protection Can be classified based on: Shape Arrangement Cell wall structure Energy source
1. Cocci (round); singular coccus resist drying 2. Bacilli (rod shaped);singular bacillus absorption 3. Spirilli (spiral); singular spirillium move easily in fluids
diplo pair staphlo clusters strepto chain eg. diplococcus two round structures streptobacilli chain of rod structures staphlococcus cluster of round structures
T Pallidum
NOTE: based on how the cell wall reacts with the Gram Stain procedure Cell wall: Thin peptidoglycan protein layer and outer membrane gram-negative (stains pink) Cell wall: Thick peptidoglycan protein layer gram-positive (stains purple)
Two Main Types: 1.Autotrophic Photosynthetic use light to produce food Chemosynthetic obtain energy from inorganic compounds (only prokaryotes do this)
Two Main Types: 2.Heterotrophic most bacteria (decomposers, parasites (pathogenic), symbiotes)
Read text pages 62-63 and Make notes on Comparing Reproduction : Binary Fission Conjugation Plasmids Endospores
Small loop of DNA separate from chromosomal DNA of bacteria
1. Asexual Reproduction binary fission
1. Asexual Reproduction binary fission
1. Sexual Reproduction conjugation (rare in bacteria)
1. Sexual Reproduction conjugation (rare in bacteria)
Prokaryotes Can be helpful decomposition, nitrogen fixation in soil, yogurt/cheese production, digestion OR Can be harmful pathogenic (disease causing)
some bacteria develop a tough outer covering to protect their DNA endospores form during unfavourable conditions! when favourable condition returns endospore is lost and bacteria begins to grow
caused by bacteria
Normally found on skin, nose, throat Releases toxins as it digests food such as dairy products Symptoms: appear 1-5 hours after eating such foods Recovery: goes away in a few days
Commonly found in soil, on surfaces of uncooked vegetables Releases deadly toxins under anaerobic conditions Symptoms: appear 12-36 hours after eating contaminated food Recovery: fatal in 70%
Found in intestinal tract of animals, contaminate meat, eggs Not caused by the release of toxins; just multiplies Symptoms: appear 12-24 hours after eating contaminated food Recovery: goes away in few days
NO Washrooms NO Bodily Fluids streak along surface BE GENTLE!
see text p. 60-61 Prokaryotes ability to live in extreme environments extremophiles
often in Anaerobic environments (no O 2 ) Autotrophic (photosynthetic or chemosynthetic) specialized structural and biochemical modifications for extreme conditions
SWAMP HOT SPRING MINE DRAINAGE SALT LAKE
HABITAT Hot springs Sea floor vents (100 o C) Extremely saline (salty) water TYPE OF EXTREMOPHILE Thermophile Halophile Intestine of cattle Acidic waters (mine drainage) Methanogen Acidophile Cold Temperatures (polar ice caps, glaciers) Cyrophile
used in sewage treatment (low oxygen condition) used in extraction of metals from ore (acidic condition) used in production of lactose-free milk (high temperature condition) used in rapid DNA cloning when only small samples are available (forensics investigation)
a substance that interferes with bacterial growth it usually targets organelles
examples interferes with ribosome interferes with protein synthesis interferes with cell wall
When bacteria have a mechanism to avoid the harmful effects of antibiotics
Usually on a plasmid
Mutation Conjugation Acquire gene from surroundings Viral infection
transport pumps move antibiotic out of the cell enzymes breakdown the antibiotic enzymes alter antibiotic into something less harmful
Bacteria die! Good bacteria die Bad bacteria also die
They are all around us They cover our surfaces that come into contact with the environment
Good bacteria die Some Harmful bacteria survive maybe due to the resistance gene harmful bacteria are able to multiply without any competition from the normal bacteria the antibiotic-resistant bacteria are now able to spread to other people too
Blocking transport proteins! make them unable to pump the antibiotic out of the cell
Don t demand antibiotics Finish your antibiotic prescription. Avoid using antibacterial products. Wash all food before eating. Cook all meat products properly. Clean using basic soaps.