REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF ZINC AND COPPER IN SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND ABDUL ZUL AFIF BIN ABD MANAP UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF ZINC AND COPPER IN SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND ABDUL ZUL AFIF BIN ABD MANAP UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

2 UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS JUDUL REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF ZINC AND COPPER IN SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SESI PENGAJIAN: 2007/2008 Saya ABDUL ZUL AFIF BIN ABD MANAP (HURUF BESAR) mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sarjana/Doktor Falsafah)* ini disimpan di Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Pahang dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut: 1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Pahang. 2. Perpustakaan Universiti Malaysia Pahang dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja. 3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi. 4. **Sila tandakan ( ) SULIT TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972) (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan) TIDAK TERHAD Disahkan oleh (TANDATANGAN PENULIS) Alamat Tetap: NO 23, TAMAN ANGGERIK DESA, 53900 TANJONG MALIM, PERAK (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA) Penyelia: Pn Noor Ida Amalina bt Ahamad Nordin Tarikh: 16 th May 2008 Tarikh: 16 th May 2008 CATATAN: * Potong yang tidak berkenaan. ** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD. Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyelidikan, atau disertai bagi pengajian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjans Muda (PSM).

3 I/We* hereby declare that I/we* have read this thesis and in my/our* opinion this thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of Degree of Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology) Signature :... Supervisor : Pn. Noor Ida Amalina binti Ahamad Nordin Date :...

REMOVAL EFFICIENCY OF ZINC AND COPPER IN SYNTHETIC WASTEWATER USING CONSTRUCTED WETLAND ABDUL ZUL AFIF BIN ABD MANAP A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Biotechnology) Faculty of Chemical & Natural Resources Engineering Universiti Malaysia Pahang May 2008

ii DECLARATION I declare that this thesis entitled Removal Efficiency of Zinc and Copper in Synthetic Wastewater using Constructed Wetland is the result of my own research except as cited in references. The thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree. Signature :. Name of Candidate : Abdul Zul Afif Bin Abd Manap Date : 16 th May, 2008

vii TABLE OF CONTENT CHAPTER TITLE PAGE TITLE PAGE i DECLARATION OF ORIGINALITY AND EXCLUSIVENES ii DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv ABSTRACT v ABSTRAK vi TABLE OF CONTENT vii LIST OF TABLES x LIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF SYMBOLS xii LIST OF APPENDICES xiii `1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Background of study 1 1.2 Objective of research 3 1.3 Scope of study 3 1.4 Problem statement 4 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5 2.1 Wetland 5 2.1.1 Natural wetland 6 2.1.2 Constructed wetland 7 2.1.2.1 Free water surface system 8

viii 2.1.2.2 Subsurface flow system 9 2.1.3 Wetland plant 12 2.1.4 Treatment mechanism 16 2.1.4.1 Phytoextraction 16 2.1.4.2 Hyperaccumulation 18 2.1.4.3 Rhizofiltration 18 2.1.4.4 Phytostabilization 19 2.2 Heavy metal 19 2.2.1 Zinc 19 2.2.2 Copper 21 2.3 Metal analysis 22 2.3.1 Atomic absorption spectroscopy 23 2.4 Artificial wastewater 24 3 METHODOLOGY 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Experimental setup 27 3.2.1 Setup of experimental scale constructed wetland 27 3.2.2 Synthetic wastewater preparation 27 3.2.3 Preparation of wetland plant 28 3.3 Experimental work 28 3.3.1 Varying the quantity of plants 28 3.3.2 Varying ph conditions 29 3.4 Sampling and preservation 29 3.5 Metal analysis 29

ix 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 31 4.1 Introduction 31 4.2 Result and discussion 31 4.2.1 Varying the quantity of plants 31 4.2.2 Varying the ph conditions 34 4.2.3 Periods of 7 days 35 4.2.4 Heavy metals 36 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 37 5.1 Conclusion 37 5.2 Recommendations 37 REFERENCES 39 APPENDICES 42

x LIST OF TABLES TABLE NO TITLE PAGE 2.1 Advantages and disadvantages of constructed wetland 11 2.2 Characteristic of water lettuce 15 2.3 Parameter limitation for zinc and copper 24 3.1 Analytical condition for zinc and copper 30

xi LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE NO TITLE PAGE 2.1 Drawing model for natural wetland 7 2.2 Free water surface system (FWS) 9 2.3 Subsurface flow system (SSF) 10 2.4 Water Lettuce 16 2.5 Pathway of nutrient or metal uptake by plant 17 2.6 Definition model for standard A and standard B 24 3.1 Workflow 26 4.1 Graph of removal efficiency of zinc (varying quantity) 32 4.2 Graph of removal efficiency of copper (varying quantity) 33 4.3 Graph of removal efficiency of zinc (ph effect) 34 4.4 Graph of removal efficiency of copper (ph effect) 35

xii LIST OF SYMBOLS % - Percent C - Degrees F - Fahrenheit BOD - Biological Oxygen Demand Cd - Cadmium Cd(NO 3 ) 2 - Cadmium nitrate cm - Centimeter COD - Chemical oxygen demand Cu - Copper CWs - Constructed wetlands FWS - Free water surface HCl - Hydrochloric acid HNO 3 - Nitric acid kpa - Kilo pascal (Pa) L - Liters mg - miligram mm - milimeter mm - Milimolar NH 4 - Ammonia Ni - Nikel nm - Nano meter NO 3 - Nitrate Pb - Lead Pb(NO 3 ) 2 - Lead nitrate SF - Surface flow SS - Suspended Solid Zn - Zinc

xiii LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A1 Gantt chart for PSM I 43 A2 Gantt chart for PSM II 44 A3 Result varying quantity (zinc) 45 A4 Result varying quantity (copper) 45 A5 Result varying ph (zinc) 46 A6 Result varying ph (copper) 46 A7 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer 47 A8 Initial condition water lettuce (vary quantity) 47 A9 Final condition water lettuce (vary quantity) 47 A10 Initial condition water lettuce (vary ph) 48 A11 Final condition water lettuce (vary ph) 48