Prospects and Planning of Producing Energy from Biomass and Waste for Clean India Dr.M.K.Mohanty M.Tech(IIT,KGP),PhD(IITD)
Energy scenario Contents Biomass and Potential of biomass Conversion technologies Case studies Mainstreaming challenges Biorefinery
World Energy Scenario
Indian Power Sector 12.7% Power Installed Capacity = 253.390 GW As of 31 st August 2014 16.1% 1.9% 69.3% Thermal Nuclear Hydro Renewable Thermal 176,118.6 MW Hydro 40,798.8 MW Nuclear 4,780 MW Renewable 32,307.71 MW Total 254,005.1 MW Indian energy scenario India s energy usage has been rapidly increasing as a result of economic growth in the last decade and the large population; Per capita consumption of electricity in India (2.02kWh) is very low compared to Canada (51.5kWh), USA (39.25kWh) and other developed countries. India is one of the major coal importing nations in the world More than 25% of primary energy needs being met by imports mainly in the form of crude oil and gas India is endowed with vast renewable energy resources including wind, solar, biomass and small hydro. India needs to develop the available renewable energy to meet its growing power needs and ensure energy security
In next 12 years India s electricity requirement to grow 2.5 times India s Energy Challenge Demand Shortage Peak shortage of 2% and energy shortage of 5.1% is expected(2014-15) ** Climate Change is also an important issue Climate Change Security Access 300 Million people did not have access to electricity as per the 2011 census * India was dependent on oil imports for 71% of its demand in 2012 * * Source: http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=in; ** Source: http://www.cea.nic.in/reports/yearly/lgbr_report.pdf
7 Renewable Power Capacity Power Installed Capacity = 32.308 GW As of 31 st August, 2014 12.52% 11.84% 8.49% 67.14% Wind Small Hydro Bio mass Solar Wind 21,692.98 MW Small Hydro 3,826.18 MW Solar 2,743 MW Biomass 4,045.55 MW Total 32,307.71 MW Renewable Power Projects Potential Resource Potential (MW) Cumulative achievement Wind 49,500(50m hub height) 102,800(80m hub height) 21,692.98 Small Hydro(up to 25MW) 19,700 3,826.18 Biomass including bagasse cogeneration 22,500 4,045.55 Solar 50MWp/km 2 2,743MW
Distributed Generation Diagram 030412 http://www.eere.energy.gov/der/basics.html
Potential DG Sources Diesel engines with very large storage tanks (five days are common) Reciprocating engines similar to diesels that burn by biofuel Microturbines on gas Wind turbines Solar arrays Geothermal Stream turbine from a small local stream Wave Tide Human or animal powered (really retrogressive) 070412
What is Biomass? Biomass is the solar energy stored in chemical form from living organisms in plant,animal materials and their by-products. It supply 14% of primary energy consumption. Burn to produce heat and electricity Change to gas like fuel such as methane Changed to liquid fuel
BIOMASS Biofuels Converting biomass into liquid a& gases fuels for transportation. Biopower Burning biomass directly, or converting it into gaseous or liquid fuels that burn more efficiently, to generate electricity.
Energy Value of biomass A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives»3-3.6 kwh heat Energy; or,»0.7-0.9 kwh electricity plus 1.4 kwh heat.
Sources of biomass Crop residues Forest residues Agro-industrial residues Animal waste Aquatic plants Purpose grown trees Others like MSW and synthetic organics.
Why Biomass? An even larger contribution to global primary energy supply; Significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, and potentially other environmental benefits; Improvements in energy security and trade balances, by substituting imported fossil fuels with domestic biomass; Opportunities for economic and social development in rural communities; and Scope for using wastes and residues, reducing waste disposal problems, and making better use of resources.
Composition of Biomass Elemental (ultimate) Carbon: 49% Oxygen : 44% Hydrogen: 6% Other : 1% Structural composition Cellulose : 40-50% Hemicellulose : 20-35% Lignin : 15-35% Non essential structural components Extractives (e.g oleorisins, polyphenols) Inorganic compounds (ash): calcium, silicon, magnesium, manganese
Limitations Crop residues generated in country side Low in bulk density High transportation costs Seasonal availability High moisture content, high bio-degradability Therefore De-centralised utilisation preferred Dedicated system for single biomass is questionable due to seasonal availability, R & D on multi-fuel flexibility Should be called feedstock for fuels rather than fuel
Biomass Transformation As Energy Direct Combustion Heat, Power Generation Thermo chemical Transformation Gasification Thermal Cracking Direct Liquefaction (Fuel) Gas Synthetic Gas Liquid Fuel Biomass Low Temperature Gasification Hydrogen, Methane Biochemical Transformation Anaerobic Digestion Aerobic Pyrolysis Fermentation Methane (Compost) Ethanol Others RDF, Carbonization, Bio-Diesel
Biomass Briquetting A Value Adding Technology for Green coal 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
Briquettes Briquetting is the process of densification of biomass to produce homogeneous, uniformly sized solid pieces of high bulk density which can be conveniently used as a fuel. Briquetting is one of the several compaction technologies in the category of densification. The process of briquetting consists of applying pressure to a mass of particles with or without a binder and converting it into a compact product of high bulk density, low moisture content, uniform size and shape and good burning characteristics. Briquettes can be produced with the density of 1.2 to 1.4 g/cm 3 from loose agro residues with a bulk density of 0.1 to 0.2 g/cm 3. 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
Advantages The process increase the net calorific value of material per unit volume End product is easy to transport and store Thefuelproducedisuniforminsizeandquality Helps solve the problem of residue disposal Helps to reduce deforestation by providing a substitute for fuel wood. The process reduce/eliminates the possibility of spontaneous combustion waste The process reduces biodegradation of residues
collection Drying Compaction size reduction Briquetting machine 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET Shredding machine
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Gasification
Gasification Thermochemical process that converts biomass into a combustible gas called Producer gas. Producer gas contains Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen, Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Tar vapor and ash particles
B IO M A S S D r y in g Z o n e u p to 1 2 0 0 C P y r o ly sis Z o n e 2 0 0 0-6 0 0 0 C A ir O x id a tio n Z o n e 9 0 0 0-1 2 0 0 0 C R e d u c tio n Z o n e 9 0 0 0-6 0 0 0 C A sh A s h P it H e a r th G r a te P r o d u c e r G a s A ir 2/24/2015 S C H E M A T IC D IA G R A M OMKM,CAET F D O W N D R A F T G A S IF IE R
Applications of gasifier
Gasification (Contd.) Use of Gasifier gas Variety of thermal application including Cooking Drying Water heating The Heating value of gases rages from 4000 5000 kj/kg Steam generation Mechanical / Electrical power generation Fuel for Internal combustion engine
Gasification Fuel for Gasifier: A wide range of biomass materials can be used for Gasification A Typical Example: 1 kg of Dried biomass gives»3-3.6 kwh heat Energy; or,»0.7-0.9 kwh electricity plus 1.4 kwh heat.
Power generation 7 kw e mobile power plant at Dhanwas, Haryana Salient features: All sub components assembled on trolley making it an mobile source of power Used for more than 5 years (1989-1994, about 2000 hrs) for community lighting in village for converting local mustard stalk into briquettes
10 kwe system (TERI): System Specification Power output:10 kwe Fuel: Wood/Charcoal Gas cooling Water cooling (direct/indirect) Gas cleaning Combination of cyclone, Venturi scrubber, gravel, fabric and paper filters Engine: Kirloskar RV-3 (modified for operation on 100% producer gas by TERI) Initial starting: Pedal, DG set, Battery/inverter
Village electrification Gasifier at Village Deodhara, Orissa
Anaerobic digestion of Biomass
Anaerobic digestion Biochemical process in which particular kinds of bacteria digest biomass in an oxygen-free environment. Several different types of bacteria work together to break down complex organic wastes in stages, finally resulting in the production of Biogas."
Biogas Cycle Solar energy Photosynthesis Animal husbandry Crop harvesting Industrial processing Human consumption Energy crops Biofertilizer H 2 O CO 2 Organic wastes Anaerobic digestion Biogas Electrical and/or thermal energy
FROM KITCHEN TO KITCHEN DOMESTIC BIO WASTE TREATMENT PLANT 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
TECHNICAL DETAILS OF 1 CUM FAMILY SIZE BIO WASTE TREATMENT PLANT Waste Treatment Capacity - 2 Kg Solid waste Waste Water 20 30 Litres Volume of Digester - 1000 Litres Suitable for - 3-5 member family Space required for the installation - 1. 25 Sq Mtrs. Gas generation per day - 1 Cum Biogas Liquid fertilizer - 20 Litres per day 1 Cum Biogas - 0.5 Kg. LPG Annual income in the form of gas &manure - Rs. 12,000/- 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
TOILET LINKED BIOGAS PLANTS (ECO FRIENDLY TOILET) The human excreta (night soil) discharged from the domestic household are converted into bio gas by applying anaerobic digestion. For the people living in coastal areas, marshy lands and high water table places, this type of toilets are suitable. Here also the construction of separate septic tank can be avoided. 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY FROM WASTE The organic waste generated from public institutions like Market and slaughter houses etc can be used for the generation of electricity through the installation of treatment plants. 1.5 KW electricity can be produced from one cubic metre of biogas. The main advantage of waste to electricity project is that, no external power is required for the operation of the plant. The power generated in the treatment plant can be utilized to meet the in-house requirements and also for providing lights in the markets and streets. 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
Case study 1 : Large AD system based on cattle dung Raw Feed (solid concentration : 235.0 tonnes/day 16%) Location : Ludhiana, Punjab Type of digester : BIMA Digester Retention time : 27 days Biogas produced : 9116.0 m 3 /day Biofertilizer Production : 47 tonnes/day Auxiliary power requirement : 2600 kwh/day Energy generation from plant : 19800 kwh/day Power to be exported to grid : 17200 kwh/day
Biogas collection Two BIMA Digesters and the Gas Holder Gas engine with associated piping network Layout of the Process Plant
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BioFuel
Two fuels dominate fuel market: Diesel Biodiesel can be used to supplement or replace diesel fuel Gasoline
Generation According to Technologies
WHAT IS BIO-DIESEL? Bio-diesel is Vegetable oil processed to resemble Diesel Fuel. Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912 Paris, 1912 The use of vegetable oils for engine may seem insignificant to-day, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time Rudolf Diesel 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
What type of oil is most biodiesel Edible Soybean oil in the USA Rapeseed oil in Europe Palm oil in Malaysia Coconut in Indonesia made from? The use of edible vegetable oils for biodiesel production has recently been of great concern because they compete with food materials. Non Edible Karanja, Jatropha, Polanga, Mohua, Seemarouba, Castor, Neem, Cotton etc. 26 non-traditional plant seed oils 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
Experimental Setup for SVO 2/24/2015 MKM,CAET
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Present Status and future Prospects of BioEnergy
Development status of the main upgrading technologies (green), biomass-to-heat technologies (red) and biomass-to-power and CHP technologies(blue).
Development status of the main technologies to produce liquid and gaseous biofuels.
Bio-refineries A biorefineryis the processing of biomass into a spectrum of marketable products and energy. are a cluster of facilities, processes, and industries; are sustainable: maximising economics, minimising environmental impacts, replacing fossil fuel, while taking socio-economic aspects into account; contain different processing steps: upstream processing, transformation, fractionation, thermo chemical and/or biochemical conversion, extraction, separation, downstream processing; can use any biomass feedstock: crops, organic residues, agro-residues, forest residues, wood, aquatic biomass; produce more than one product, each with an existing (or shortly expected) market of acceptable volumes and prices; can provide both intermediate and final products, i.e. Food,eed, chemicals, and materials; and can co-produce energy as fuels, power, and/or heat.
Bio-energy IN SWACHH BHARAT
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