SESSION 6 Quito, ECUADOR Gabriel Hernández Coordinator of Information and Energy Statistics Paola Carrera Senior Technical Assistant
RESERVES Review of the proposed activity 5 CUMULATIVE PRODUCTION AND THE LATEST RESOURCES 18000 Producción Acumulada Máxima Reservas Originales Producción Acumulada Posible Producción Acumulada Requerida 16000 14000 12000 10 6 Bbls 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 1997 2007 2017 2027 1
FIREWOOD SUGARCANE VEGETABLE WASTES 2
FIREWOOD OUTLINE 1.- General Aspects 2.- Production 3.- Potential 4.- Advantages and Disadvantages 5.- What information should be gathered? 6.- Characteristics of the energy source through the LAC 3
FIREWOOD 1. General Aspects 1.2 Background In the world history of the use of the firewood reflects the dependence of the forests and trees from the rural communities. At the Middle Ages, Firewood started to be used it to make charcoal Over time, the firewood has been reduced and people from rural areas have been finding new supply problems 4
FIREWOOD 1. General Aspects 1.1 Definition The word Firewood comes from the latin word Lignum, that means piece of wood. According to the Spanish Royal Academy: Part of trees and bushes that are cut and made pieces and that are used as fuel. Is the source of energy obtained directly from forest resources. Includes the trunks and tree branches, but excludes waste from logging, which fall under the definition of "green waste" that are used for energy purposes It is the wood of trees and plants used as fuel. 5
FIREWOOD 1. General Aspects Characteristics Natural renewable resource. Is a fuel without power of explosion. It has a high calorific value. Biodegradable element even after burning. It is the fuel with more energy efficiency. Composition Cellulose: It is a carbohydrate similar to starch. It rots with the humidity. Lignin: A derivative of phenyl-propane. It gives strength and protection. Hemicellulose: its mission is to unite the fibers. Other ingredients: gum, grease, non-combustible substances. 6
FIREWOOD 1. General Aspects 1.3 Energy Content When burning firewood, released energy is used as thermal source. Calorific value depends on a variety of factors: Species of firewood. Part of tree from it belongs to (trunk or branches). The age of the tree. The water content of the firewood has a lot of influence in the calorific value. Its combustion produces condensation and tar in flues. 7
FIREWOOD 1. General Aspects 1.3 Energy Content Calorific value = 15071.14 kj/kg (Use by OLADE) The calorific value of the firewood varies according to the class of the used firewood (Chart 1) and the humidity content (Chart 2). Source : FAO Lower calorific value of dry firewood Species (kj/kg) Eucalyptus 19228 Pine 20482 Cedar 18066 Cypress 21443 Encino 19500 Media 19744 Lower calorific value in function of the humidity content Humidity content (kj/kg) 0 19880 10 17644 20 15412 30 13180 40 10947 50 8715 60 6483 8
FIREWOOD 2. Production 2.1 Definition Is the amount of wood harvested in a period of time to be used as fuel. The production calculus is reduced by estimating the use of this source for energy purposes. Using PRODUCTION = FIREWOOD FINAL CONSUMPTION + FIREWOOD CONSUMED TO PRODUCE CHARCOAL If there are recorded imports or exports, calculate: PRODUCTION = FINAL CONSUMPTION - IMPORTS + EXPORTS 9
2.- Production FIREWOOD 2.2 Cycle of Commercial Production of the Firewood Now-a-days, the native forest is the main source for firewood extraction and its products. Forest Extraction Processing cut / drying and storage FIREWOOD 10
FIREWOOD 3.- Potential 3.1 Definition The potential is the measurement of capacity that has a country to take advantage of renewable natural resources for energy purposes. To calculate the potential, it is necessary to distinguish two types of renewable sources: a) Intangible sources: they can not be quantified in units of mass or volume and thus its potential is measured by the production capacity of end-use energy b) Tangible sources: they can be quantified in units of mass or volume and thus its potential is directly measured by the amount of resource available or recoverable from nature. It is included in this concept biomass for energy use. 11
FIREWOOD 3.- Potential 3.2 Firewood potential Sustentation Area (SA): The forest area available for cutting. Is the total forested area minus the protected forest, minus the forested areas by agriculture or any other cause. Cycle of Rotation (CR): The time it takes a forest to regenerate from cut to cut. Annual Cutting Area (ACA): is the area that can be cut without deforestation and is equal to SA / CR. Standing Gross Volume (SGV): is equal to ACA * (m3 of wood per m2 of area). Firewood Potential (FP): is equal to SGV * Density (t/m3); 12
FIREWOOD 4.- Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Is a local energy. Almost always produced and marketed in the same region where it is used. Do not rely on other countries for supplies. It is a renewable energy. Forests grow every year and if it is extracted from them an amount less than its growth, it can exploit this energy into indefinitely. Disadvantages Requires substantial amounts of land Its volume makes it necessary the use of expensive means of transport and storage. Safety over other fuels. Is economic. Heating with firewood is up to 6 times cheaper than electricity, 5 times more than gas and 4 times cheaper than oil. It is one of the cheapest energy sources. High emission of particulates and tar. It takes as much firewood to get the same amount of energy than other sources 13
FIREWOOD 6.- What information should be gathered? In national statistics, the potential of firewood is calculated from the available forest data, possibly supplemented with estimates, but also outside the forest areas, or uncultivated land or in rural areas. Important amounts of firewood are gathered that not assessed accurately. To determine the firewood residential consumption draws on measurements, surveys or estimates which considers: Population, specific consumption, efficiencies, size of households, etc. 14
FIREWOOD 6.- What information should be gathered? In the supply activities, we should consider the following issues to estimate the production of firewood. FIREWOOD PRODUCTION = FIREWOOD CONSUMPTION + FIREWOOD CONSUMED TO PRODUCE CHARCOAL Production by area Caloric value Types of firewood in the region In the supply activities Production of Firewood Exports of Firewood Imports of Firewood Potentials of Firewood 15
FIREWOOD 6.- Characteristics of Firewood in Latin America and Caribbean 6.1 Firewood Potential Firewood potential in Latin America and Caribbean 19% Unit:(kt) % Central America 73980.00 19 Caribbean 11130.80 3 South America 151895.00 38 Brazil 158160.09 40 Total 395165.89 100 40% Brazil Central America 38% South America 3% - Caribbean Source: SIEE-OLADE 16
FIREWOOD 6.- Characteristics of Firewood in Latin America and Caribbean 6.1 Total Supply Years Latin America and Caribbean without Brazil Unit: kt Brazil kt 120000 100000 1970 70613 104091 1975 73040 108348 1980 80408 101581 1985 84634 107599 1990 83191 93259 1995 87914 76021 2000 85014 75354 2005 86096 91554 2009 86809 79385 Source: SIEE-OLADE 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Years Latin America and Caribbean without Brazil Brazil 17
FIREWOOD 6.- Characteristics of Firewood in Latin America and Caribbean 6.1 Total Supply per capita Total Supply per Capita kt/10(6).hab 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 18
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS OUTLINE 1.- General Aspects 2.- Production 3.- Potential 4.- Advantages and Disadvantages 5.- What information should be gathered 6.- Characteristics of the resource in LAC 19
1. General Aspects 1.1 History SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Sugarcane is one of the oldest crops in the world. It is believed that began 3,000 years ago as a kind of grass on the island of New Guinea and from there spread to Borneo, Sumatra and India. Christopher Columbus brought sugarcane in America on his second voyage (1493) to the Spanish Island which were unsuccessful. Only in 1501 were introduced crops which grew up. The success of sugar plantations in Santo Domingo led to its cultivation throughout the Caribbean and South America. 20
1. General Aspects 1.2 Description SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Sugarcane is a tropical grass, a giant grass. It has a solid stem from 2 to 5 meters high 5 or 6 cm. of diameter. The root system comprises a robust underground rhizome, the stem accumulates sucrose rich juice. Sucrose is synthesized by the cane through the energy taken from sunlight during photosynthesis with leaves that can reach two to four meters long. 21
1. General Aspects SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 1.3 Definition of sugarcane products According to the Royal Spanish Academy: Plant grass, native of India, with woody stem, about two feet high, leaves long, hairless, and purple flowers in pyramidal panicle, whose stem is filled with a spongy and sweet, from Sugar is extracted They are products from the processing of sugarcane for energy purposes. These include bagasse, cane juice and molasses. Bagasse power generation and / or solid fuel. Cane juice and molasses are the main feedstock for ethanol production. 22
1. General Aspects 1.3.1 Bagasse Definition SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Is the residual sugarcane fiber after grinding. 1.3.2 Bagasse Characteristics The sugarcane bagasse is the residue obtained by a process of industrialization of agricultural products. The bagasse has a high calorific value in order to produce energy. 23
1. General Aspects 1.3.2 Bagasse Characteristics SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Comes out of the latest unit of grinding (harvest) and is led to the boilers to serve as fuel and produce high pressure steam that is used in the turbines of the mills to make his move, and turbine generators to produce energy power required by the mills and the energy that is sold to the public. This can be used in addition to paper mills or particle board. For this reason, the bagasse is considered a highly renewable resource used in the industry. 24
1.General Aspects 1.4. Composition SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Bagasse Composition (%): Humidity = 49% Fiber = 48% Soluble solids = 3% Bagasse and sugarcane crop residues Chemical Elements Bagasse (%) RAC (%) Carbon 47,00 48,28 Hydrogen 6,50 5,55 Oxygen 44,00 45,61 Ashes 2,50 9,50 Sulphur 0,00 0,13 Nitrogen - 0,43 25
1. General Aspects 1.5 Energy Content SUGARCANE PRODUCTS Bagasse calorific value depends on different factors: Humidity Sugar content Ashes content Cane variety (fiber content) FUEL CALORIFIC VALUE kj/kg Wet Bagasse 8400-10500 Dry Bagasse 15360-19200 26
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 2. Production 2.1 Definition It is the amount of bagasse obtained after grinding in a period of time, to be used for energy purposes. PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION Bagasse is used primarily as fuel for generating electricity in the mills and as a source of heat for the industrial process of sugar manufacture. Production of sugarcane juice and molasses correspond to products derived from cane, which are raw material for distilleries for the production of ethanol from energy use. 27
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 3.- Potential 3.1 Bagasse Potential The annual potential of bagasse is evaluated in terms of sugar production and a coefficient bagasse / sugar. The bagasse is perhaps the only resource whose potential is equal to the annual production, because the sugar that allows its calculation is the real annual production. 28
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 4.- Advantages and Disadvantages ADVANTAGES Industrial waste to be used for energy purposes Better protection of the environment, due to the substantial reduction of carbon dioxide emissions that are harmful to the flora and fauna. Increased efficiency in generation, transmission and distribution of electricity and heat, due to the energy that is generated where it is consumed. DISADVANTAGES Seasonality of production. High transport costs In addition, electricity generation is not continuous, since the sugar industry does not work more than six months a year. Is required great amount of raw material to get the same amount of energy from other sources. The main difficulty is the cost, since it requires a considerable investment. Therefore, only large sugar mills can compete in this market. 29
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 5.- What information should be gathered? In the national statistics, the potential of bagasse is calculated from the annual sugar production. PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION In the supply activities Production Exports Seeded area of sugarcane Calorific value Imports Potential Sucar production 30
SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 6.- Characteristics of the Sugarcane Products in Latin America and the Caribbean 6.1.- Total Supply of Sugarcane Products of LAC 400000 Total Supply (kboe) 300000 200000 100000 Rate of growth 7% 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Source: SIEE-OLADE 31
350000 300000 SUGARCANE PRODUCTS 6.- Characteristics of the Sugarcane Products in Latin America and the Caribbean 6.2 Total Supply of Sugarcane Products (kboe) LAC - Brazil 250000 200000 150000 Latin America & Caribbean without Brazil Brazil 100000 50000 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 Source: SIEE-OLADE 32
Vegetable Wastes Outline 1.- General Aspects 2.- Potential 3.- Production 4.- What information should be gathered? 33
1.- General Aspects 1.1 Definition VEGETABLE WASTES Vegetable waste are the energy resources derived from agroindustrial and forestry waste. This includes all agricultural waste (except sugarcane bagasse), for energy purposes. 1.2 Types of Vegetable Wastes Rice husks Coffee husks Nutsedge palm Waste from sawmills (not included in the concept of wood or bagasse, etc.). 34
VEGETABLE WASTES 2. Potential Wastes potential are calculated by multiplying the weight of the source times the coefficient, Some reference coefficient are the following: PRODUCT (t/t) boe/t Farming Rice 0.40 2.097 Cotton 0.50 2.097 Sugarcane 0.15 2.097 Agro-Industrial Rice 0.32 2.306 Cotton 0.27 2.666 Coffee 0.60 2.522 Wood 1.00 1.915 35
VEGETABLE WASTES 3. Production 3.1 Definition It is the amount of industrial vegetable wastes, which are used for energy purposes. As the wood are considered as non-commercial sources, since it does not usually exists fully identified in the chain of production, transportation, processing, marketing and consumption. In the absence of information at different stages of the energy chain from these sources, production can be considered as consumption for energy purposes, such as input for biogas digesters, power generation, raw material for biofuel production, etc. PRODUCTION = CONSUMPTION 36
VEGETABLE WASTES 4. What information should be gathered? For the supply activities, it should be gathered the following information: Production Production of rice, cotton and coffee Potential of the different types of vegetable wastes 37
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