RevTech 2003 Cleaning Up Contaminated Properties for Reuse and Revitalization July 22, 2003 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Presenters Richard De Zeeuw Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Craig Dukes South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control Bill Burns Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Progress to Date 644 assessments 192 remedial actions 95 sites closed

SCRD Projects Research Site Assessment Technologies Research Remediation Technologies Nationwide Survey of State Agencies Database of Site Profiles

Site Assessment Technologies Soil gas surveys Ground water and soil sampling Geophysical techniques Analytical methods DNAPL detection

Remediation Technologies Recirculating Wells In-well stripping In-situ recirculation with ozone injection In-situ injection Bioremediation Chemical Oxidation Co-solvent and surfactant flush Permeable reaction walls

Case Studies Geology Concentrations Hydrogeology Technical Evaluation Pro Con Cost Use same technology again?

www.drycleancoalition.org

Oregon 340 active drycleaners 80 dry stores $1,00,000/year in revenues Average drycleaner fee: $2,700/year No cap on cost Third party liability protection

Oregon Dry Cleaner Program 10 sites have NFA determination Total cost - $926,000 Site cost ranges from $33,000 to $202,000 9 sites are being actively remediated $1,767,000 spent $137,000 encumbered for next phase 6 sites are being assessed $369,000 spent $82,000 encumbered 11 sites are waiting

Brownfield Redevelopment Dry cleaner operators and/or property owners submit claim Often associated with property transaction or refinance Some sites are being cleaned up to eliminate contamination Most sites are being cleaned up as part of upgrade or redevelopment

Drycleaner Site Assessment Protocol Craig Dukes South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

Once contamination is documented, the Back door State assumes ofthe plant responsibility to assess the site. In SC, drycleaners become Fund Eligible with analysis of 1 soil sample, usually from worst case location. 80,000 ppm PCE

Drycleaning Basics Every drycleaning plant has measurable levels of contamination (75% to 99.9%). Most have groundwater contamination because small leaks of solvent collect under buildings. Over time, solvent dissolves into groundwater. Plumes don t follow rules: some are long and skinny, some are widely diffuse. Drycleaning plants are in built-up areas where assessment is complicated by other buildings and municipal infrastructure.

Traditional Assessment Procedure 1. Install 3-4 monitoring wells near source area. 2. Wait 2-4 weeks before wells are developed. 3. Have wells sampled. 3. Wait 2-6 weeks for analytical results. 4. Review results. 5. Decide more wells are necessary. 6. Contract for more wells.

Traditional Assessment Procedure Typically 2 years to delineate an average small to medium sized plume. Most of that time is spent waiting

SCOPED Process Subsurface Contamination Optimized Plume Economical Delineation 1) Less time to delineate the plume. 2) Improved placement of permanent groundwater monitoring wells. 3) Reduced number of permanent wells required for long-term monitoring. 4) Vertical delineation of the plume over its entire area. 5) Potential cost savings of up to 75%.

SCOPED Process Extensive use of Direct Push technology and Color-Tec Screening method to delineate plume.

Color-Tec Screening Method Developed by Ecology and Environment, Tallahassee, Florida. Procedure is written up on the SCRD web site. Detection tubes available for Chlorinated Ethenes and Stoddard (compounds typical at drycleaners)

Color-Tec Screening Method Results within 2-5 minutes of collecting sample from the ground. Field Screening method requires a minimum amount of equipment.

Color-Tec Screening Method Simple purge-and-trap concentrating technique. Tubes give Relative Specific Response. Sensitivity down to 2 ppb range.

SCOPED Process Assessment starts at drycleaner and works out to the edge of plume. Direct Push used to collect groundwater: 2 half-filled VOA for Color-Tec. 2 filled VOA vials: stored on ice. 15 30% of stored samples sent off for confirmation by certified laboratory.

SCOPED Process If Color-Tec positive, the Direct Push continues at same spot to deeper depths. Continue to collect samples at progressively deeper depths until bottom of contamination is delineated.

5 trace SCOPED Process Procedure calls for 2 consecutive clean samples before pulling off of hole. non-detect Pulled up and went to next location Hotter than the sun 40 5 Plume at this site extends more than one mile from the drycleaning plant.

SCOPED Process Starting from source area, the Direct Drycleaner ND Push moves out to determine the flow direction and lateral extent ND of plume. ND ND hit hit hit hit hit hit hit ND hit hit ND ND ND hit ND hit ND ND

After Plume delineated, 2-3 Macro-cores collected to determine geology. Drycleaner ND ND hit hit ND hit hit ND hit hit ND ND hit ND hit hit hit ND ND hit ND ND

Using Plume delineation and Geologic data, monitoring well network installed. MW6 Drycleaner ND ND ND hit hit hit hit ND ND MW1 hit hit hit MW4 hit ND hit MW5 hit ND ND ND hit ND ND MW2 MW3

SCOPED process also used to investigate other release points due to the drycleaner. ND Hit Hit Sewer line Drycleaner ND Color-Tec tubes ideal for testing sewer access points.

Typically, less than 2 weeks to delineate a plume Commercial Residential Drycleaner

10 days for Mt. Pleasant plume delineation. ½ mile Drycleaner

After the SCOPED process Permanent Monitoring Wells are sampled over 2-3 quarters. If average concentrations exceed State Standards (MCL s), a feasibility study is conducted to determine the remediation technology. In SC, remediation selected after a Public meeting and 30-day comment period.

Remediation of Chlorinated Solvent Plumes at Drycleaning Facilities Florida s Perspective William Burns Florida Department of Environmental Protection

Typical Dry-Cleaning Facility Setting is retail-commercial/residential one block from residential Shopping Center or Strip Malls (77%) Pre-RCRA operational history 65%

Chlorinated Solvent Contaminant Mass Distribution in Groundwater 72.04% 9.80% PCE TCE cis 1,2-DCE trans 1,2-DCE 1,1-DCE Vinyl Chloride 1.99% 0.34% 0.02% 15.81%

PCE Equivalent Concentrations in Groundwater Exceeding 1% of PCE Aqueous Solubility (DNAPL) 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Number of Sites 5-10 1-5 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 >100 90-100 80-90 70-80 % of Aqueous Solubility of PCE

Contaminant Remediation Recommended Remedies 82 18 No Further Action Natural Attenuation and Monitoring Active Remediation 50

Active Remedial Process Remedy Selection and Design Emphasis is on Natural Attenuation Active Remedy Designed to meet 100 x MCL Followed by 5 years of Natural Attenuation

Active Contaminant Remediation The quick and simple active remedial technologies Clean out of septic tank Excavation

Complex Excavation Large Diameter Auguring Expensive requiring significant area to set up and operate

Traditional Remedies Soil Vapor Extraction Multi-Phase Extraction Air Sparging Recirculation wells Pump & Treat

Innovative and Emerging Remedies In-Situ Enhanced Bioremediation (ORC, HRC, Phoster s process) In-Situ Chemical Oxidation (H2O2, kmno4, ozone) In-Situ Co-Solvent Flushing Ex-Situ Soil Flushing

Site Closures to Date 60 Site Closures 35 No Further Action at Assessment 15 Natural Attenuation Monitoring 6 Soil Vapor Extraction Remedy 4 Initial Remedial Measure

Case Study Former Marketplace Drycleaners Hilton Head Island, SC Craig Dukes South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control

Market Place History Strip Mall Drycleaner from 1974 1992. Property sold in 1993. Pre-buy assessment found significant levels of drycleaning solvents in groundwater. 4 Monitoring wells installed by PRP found only trace levels of PCE. PRP requested Closure letter from State.

Market Place History Insufficient data to allow Closure letter. Site qualified to be in the Drycleaning Fund, so new owner was allowed to redevelop property without incurring any liability. Understanding between State and Owner that the Drycleaning Fund would take care of site once it became a Priority for the Fund.

Hilton Head Island Market Place History

Market Place History Because of nearby public well, site was determined to the #2 priority for the Drycleaning Fund. Former Marketplace Cleaners Shallow Public Supply Well

Island Crossings Shopping Center

Former Drycleaner (approx.) Pharmacy Site Map Grocery Sea Pines Plantation (residential)

Site Investigation Trivia: Most common question from shoppers for oil? going into grocery store during investigation activity? You drilling

PCE plume 27,000 ppb

TCE plume 7,100 ppb

DCE plume 13,100 ppb

VC plume 319 ppb

Contaminants between 10-45 ft. deep

Site Geology 5 feet of fill dirt at surface from construction of new shopping center. Discontinuous bands of olive gray sands interbedded w/ olive gray silty clays interspersed with shell fragments and ancient marsh muds. 3 groundwater zones screened: shallow intermediate deep 10 to 20 ft 30 to 45 ft 55 to 60 ft Contamination Zone

Record of Decision Ozone Sparging into source area. Monitored Natural Attenuation (MNA) at edges of plume with provision to do more work if not resolved with source reduction. All work overseen and paid by SC Drycleaning Fund.

Ozone Sparging O 2, CO 2 Reaction Zone Perc Sparge Ozone Micro Bubbles Dilute HCL Point

Design Issues Contamination beneath heavily-used supermarket necessary to work around existing improvements. Approval from the Hilton Head Island Design Review Board for all construction activities. Underground Injection Control Permit to inject ozone and air into sparge wells. Cooperation of the land owner, supermarket management, and the residential property owners association.

Design Issues (cont.) Additional testing done to assess the total system demand for ozone: chemical oxygen demand (COD) alkalinity (potential oxidant demand) 166 kg of ozone required for remediation. Ozone generator produces 15 g/hr (360 g/day). Approximately 461 days required.

Equipment Shed Sparge Point Layout

Equipment Shed Designed for hurricane force wind (130 mph) Painted stucco to match supermarket Landscaping required by Hilton Head DRB

Installing Remedy Drilling Sparge Wells Trenching and asphalt replacement Electrical Transformer Installation Equipment Shed Manufacture Telephone Communications Line

Sparge Wells 3/4 PVC piping connected to 2 diameter sparge points. Sparge wells installed in in-ground vaults Nothing above- ground.

Sparge System Components Pump Scroll Compressor Oxygen Concentrator Ozone Generator Mixing Chamber In-Line Ozone Monitor Sequencing Timer Electronic Controller/Autodialer Ambient Air Ozone Monitor

Sparge System Components

Sparge System Components Distribution Manifold w/ solenoid switches Flow Meters & Pressure Gauges

System Performance

Results After 9 Months of operation, only 26 kg O 3 injected (instead of 97 kg O 3 ) working the bugs out of system.

Results Slight increases seen in some wells: Due to contaminant physically being lifted to shallower zone by air bubbles.

Results Pre-Ozone levels (ppb) Latest Results (ppb) % Reduction PCE 15,300 242 98% TCE 7,170 116 98% DCE 13,100 2,080 84% VC 230 0 100%

Project Costs Assessment through Feasibility study Remediation: Installation and Operation to date Projected costs to completion (2 yrs.) Total $146,000 $348,000 $80,000 $574,000

Summary Rapid reductions in Chlorinated solvents. Works well beneath active property with only minor disruption of property use. Meeting all Groundwater standards foreseeable within the upcoming year. SC Drycleaning Fund implementing Ozone injection at 2 other drycleaning sites based on Market Place success thus far.