Note The results presented here are based on a change analysis of 44 land cover types mapped consistently on a 1:1. scale across Europe over the decade 199-2 - see Corine land cover programme for details. The principle of the mapping inventory is one of a consistent generalisation for both static and change data to provide a coherent geographical continuum across Europe. By definition, a generalisation may generate some accuracy deficiencies inherent to the methodology. These restrictions are acknowledged and have been documented in working papers available from EEA. Overview of land cover & change 199-2 The period between 199 and 2 in Denmark can be characterised by urbanisation of the areas surrounding of big cities or industrial areas, and by afforestation driven by government policy. Both urbanisation and afforestation occurred at the expense of agricultural land. 18% 6% Total Land Cover 2 - % Net Change in Land Cover during the period - ha Net Change in Land Cover % of initial year 5. 1% % 3% Hundreds 15 1 4. 9% 5 3. 1% 53% -5 2. -1 1. Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops -15. Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils -2 Wetlands Water bodies -25-1. Artificial areas Arable land & permanent crops Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands Water bodies TOTAL km² Land cover 199 2978 2811 5254 4566 755 89 1381 9155 5228 Consumption of initial land cover 7 28 39 299 3 2 2 5 565 Formation of new land cover 136 4 38 347 19 3 16 4 565 Net Formation of Land Cover 128-24 -1 48 16 1 14-1 Net formation as % of initial year 4.3 -.7. 1. 2.1 1.1 1.. Land cover 2 316 27897 5253 4614 771 9 1395 9154 5228
Urban Urban sprawl in commuting zones around major cities The high costs of housing in Copenhagen and in other main cities of Denmark forced people to move to smaller cities in the neighbourhood or to towns and villages with good connections to the transport network. On the peninsula of Jutland industrial sites have been created or developed in eastern regions, creating a need for new housing space nearby to accommodate those working in these sites. The second contribution to urban sprawl during the analysed period can be attributed to the creation of summer houses in close proximity to the coast. Most of the developments occurred at the expense of agricultural area. Mines, quarries and waste dumpsites Transport networks & infrastructures 13% Arable land & permanent 3% 1%%2%2% crops Industrial & commercial sites Housing, services and recreation 79% Semi-natural vegetation Open spaces/ bare soils Wetlands 2 4 6 8 1 Water bodies Drivers of urban land development - ha/year Origin of urban land uptake, as % of total uptake
Agriculture Conversion of agricultural land to forest Regarding agricultural cover, there was a reduction of about 1 % in arable area, but there were no other major changes. However, the total land used for agricultural purposes decreased. Agri-environment schemes were made available following the CAP reform of 1992. Consistent with the Danish government s strong policy towards afforestation, some agri-environment measures encourage conversion of agricultural land to forestry or the designation of set-aside land (for 5 or 2 years). A second driver of change in agricultural cover was conversion of arable land to urban areas. Also notable is a change in nature protection policy towards reclaiming land previously converted from nature to (e.g. nature restoration with remeandering of rivers). The new agri-environmental measures brought other changes in the landscape which are not detectable using this type of analysis. These include the planting of hedgerows and change from traditional farming to organic farming. Net change in agricultural land cover in ha -25-2 -15-1 -5 5 Agro-forestry areas Agriculture land with significant areas of natural vegetation Complex cultivation patterns Pastures Annual crops associated with permanent crops Olive groves Fruit trees and berry plantations Vineyards Rice fields Permanently irrigated land Non-irrigated arable land Main annual conversions between and forests & semi-natural land in ha/year -8-6 -4-2 2 Withdrawal of farming without significant woodland creation Withdrawal of farming with woodland creation Conversion from wetlands to Conversion from dry seminatural & natural land to Conversion from forest to
Forest & nature Afforestation supported by government policy During the period 199-2, the Danish Ministry of Environment had strong support for its landscape change plans. Therefore, during this time many new forested areas were created. The major reason for forest creation was protection of groundwater aquifers from agricultural pollution. As Denmark does not have any major rivers most of its water supplies comes from groundwater aquifers which are shallow and prone to pollution. The Danish ministry also took recreation and amenity value into account in considering the location of new forested areas, and hence many of the new forested zones are quite close to cities and towns. The second reason for afforestation was replanting of trees that were destroyed during the 1999 storm. The afforestation of agricultural land was financially supported by the government. Additional contributor to increase in tree cover is Christmas trees plantations, which are seen as a forest area, though it is a type of agricultural land, which later can be reclaimed by. The second major project carried out during this time was the recreation of natural zones, such as restoration of streams to their more natural meandering form, increasing the total water body area. In addition, the amount of drainage has been decreased in recent years to allow the recreation of wetland areas. Main trends in woodland & forests Main trends in dry semi-natural land 3 25 2 15 1 5 Consumption of forest land by urban sprawl Conversion from forest to Farmland abandonment with woodland creation Forest creation, afforestation Conversion from transitional woodland to forests Recent fellings and transitions 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Consumption of dry seminatural land cover by urban sprawl Conversion of semi-natural land cover to Forest creation, afforestation over dry semi-natural land Farmland abandonment without woodland creation Creation of semi-natural dry land cover
Net formation of forest and transitional woodland, in ha Main trends in wetalnds & water bodies 4 3 4 2 1-1 -2-3 Broad-leaved forest Coniferous forest Mixed forest Transitional woodland shrub 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 Consumption of wetlands by urban sprawl Conversion of wetlands to Forest creation and afforestation over wetlands Farmland abandonment without woodland creation Net Water bodies creation