Emergy Synthesis of the Environmental Services and Capital of the USFS and the Development of an Ecological Investment Corporation Elliott Campbell, PhD student, Department of Environment and Technology, University of Maryland Dr. Mark Brown, Director Center for Wetlands, University of Florida Dr. David Tilley, Associate Professor, University of Maryland
Outline Introduction to Concepts Energy as basis for all systems Energy Systems Language Modeling Emergy USFS Emergy Synthesis Results Yearly flows Storages Index comparisons Ecological Investment Corporation
Energy: The Universal Constant Energy is what drives the environment Humanity relies on fossil fuel energy Accumulated over millions of years. All Systems Considered Rely on Energy as their Driver
Figure from Google images
Previous System Using Energy Systems Language
Energy circuit A pathway whose flow is proportional to the storage or source upstream. Source A forcing function or outside source of energy delivering forces according to a program controlled from outside. Tank A compartment or state variable within the system storing a quantity as the balance of inflows and outflows. Heat sink Dispersion of potential energy into heat accompanies all real transformation processes and storages. This energy is no longer usable by the system. Interaction Interactive intersection of two pathways coupled to produce an outflow in proportion to a function of both; a work gate. Consumer An autocatalytic unit that transforms energy, stores it and feeds it back to improve inflow. Producer Unit that collects and transforms low-quality energy under the control of high quality flows. Box Miscellaneous symbol to use for whatever unit or function is needed. Switching Action A symbol that indicates one or more switching actions controlled by a logic program.
What is Emergy? Emergy is the direct and indirect energy of one form previously used to make something. Its unit is the solar emjoule (sej) For Example: A Tree in the forest consists of the environmental energy necessary for its growth from the sun and rain Harvested timber consists of energy from the environment, as well as the human work necessary to harvest and transport it (labor, fuels, machinery) Method created by H.T. Odum
What is a Transformity? A transformity is the amount of emergy necessary to create one joule of energy in the system Transformity: 1 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000 Sej/J Figure Courtesy of emergysystems.org
How does Energy = $??? Generic Country/State Emergy in goods is returned for money in the economic system An equivalence is made between the amount of money circulating in the system (GDP) and the emergy circulating (in a given year) Figure Courtesy of emergysystems.org
USFS s Figure. From www.fs.fed.us Figure from Arcmap
Emergy Systems Diagram of the USFS USFS
Imported Emergy Misc. Expenditures. 21% Fossil Fuels 1% Machinary, Equipment 0% Electricity 1% Labor 18% Tourist Time 59% USFS System Emergy Imports Imports to the USFS system equal 22.7 billion emdollars
Environmental Services Environmental Services from USFS lands equal 259 billion emdollars Env. Services (w/o Tourism) Harvested Fish 0% Information. 0% Harvested wildlife 9% Hydroelectric Power 12% Extracted Firewood 0% Harvested Wood 1% Water, Chemical Potential 21% Fossil Fuels 1. 26% Water, Geopotential 19% Minerals 12% Environmental Services are more than 11 times the value of emergy Necessary to sustain the system (imports)
Indices Across USFS s Empower Density Environmental Loading Ratio sej/m^2/yr 3.50E+11 3.00E+11 2.50E+11 2.00E+11 1.50E+11 1.00E+11 5.00E+10 0.00E+00 USFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 (F+N)/R 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 0.00 USFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 Emergy Yield Ratio 28.00 23.00 18.00 Y/F 13.00 8.00 3.00-2.00 USFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 26
Total Capital Stored in the USFS System Environmental Assets equal 19 Trillion emdollars Economic Assets equal 84 billion emdollars Geologic Assets equal 5.8 Trillion emdollars Cultural Assets equal 44.2 Trillion emdollars Table 2. Emergy in stored assets of US National Forest System Emergy Intensities (sej/unit) Solar Emergy (x10 21 sej) EmDollars (x10 9 Em$) Note Item Units Quantity ENVIRONMENTAL CAPITAL 1 Tree Biomass J 7.71E+19 4.48E+04 3452.5 1817.1 2 Herb./Shrub Biomass J 6.91E+18 17976 124.2 65.4 3 Land Area ha 7.80E+07 1.05E+15 81.9 43.1 4 Soil OM J 1.39E+20 1.65E+05 26467.3 13930.1 5 Peat J 3.95E+16 3.09E+05 12.2 6.4 6 Glaciers g 6.23E+17 6.46E+06 4022.3 2117.0 7 Ground Water J 2.80E+18 3.02E+05 845.3 444.9 8 Surface Water J 1.59E+18 8.10E+04 129.1 68.0 9 Fauna g 3.03E+14 mixed 1075.2 565.9 ECONOMIC CAPITAL sum= 36210.0 19057.9 10 Roads (dirt) $ 1.70E+09 1.90E+12 3.2 1.7 11 Roads (gravel) g 8.01E+13 1.68E+09 134.6 70.9 12 Roads (paved) g 4.81E+12 2.77E+09 13.3 7.0 13 Machinery & tools g 9.90E+10 1.13E+10 1.1 0.6 14 Office Equipment g 3.84E+10 1.13E+10 0.4 0.2 15 Buildings g 9.65E+11 mixed 7.5 4.0 GEOLOGIC CAPITAL sum= 160.3 84.4 16 Fossil Fuels J 1.27E+18 mixed 7797.9 4104.1 17 Minerals g 4.41E+13 7.06E+10 3112.8 1638.3 17b Minerals $ 1.20E+11 1.90E+12 228.0 120.0 INFORMATION CAPITAL sum= 11138.7 5862.5 18 Information Value of Indian Artifacts J 1.15E+18 1.89E+07 21728.1 11435.8 19 Value of Endangered Species # of species 4.96E+02 2.26E+22 62224.6 32749.8 sum= 83952.62 4.42E+04
Endangered Species 47% Herb./Shrub Biomass Tree Biomass 0% 3% Land Area 0% Soil OM 20% Peat 0% Glaciers 3% USFS Total Capital Ground Water 1% Surface Water 0% Fauna 1% Roads 0% Fossil Fuels 6% Minerals 2% Indian Artifact Information 17% USFS Total Assets USFS Capital per m 2 sej/m 2 of storage 1.60E+14 1.40E+14 1.20E+14 1.00E+14 8.00E+13 6.00E+13 4.00E+13 2.00E+13 0.00E+00 USFS 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
Endangered Species Emergy Storage 496 species of endangered and threatened species are found in the USFS system Endangered species are valued as the energy invested in a population over the time period in which it evolved from the previous form (estimated to be 3 million years). The emergy value embodied in endangered species = 32.7 trillion emdollars This value would be potentially lost if the species were to go extinct Emergy per m 2 4.5E+15 4.0E+15 3.5E+15 3.0E+15 2.5E+15 2.0E+15 1.5E+15 1.0E+15 5.0E+14 0.0E+00 USFS 1 Endangered Species Genetic Information 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
Comparison of Emergy and Economic Values Economic and Emergy Value of Non-Renewable Storages 4,000,000 3,890,968 3,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 0 155,0 2 5 Dollar Values 1,200,000 415,088 8,940 200,000 46,272 Emdollar Values 1,638,341 Oil Natural Gas Coal Minerals (values * 10^6) 20,000 15,000 10,000 5,000 0 Fig. 23 Economic Value vs. Emdollar Value 77,000 15,000 6,015 4,395 2,578 1,324 547 599 Dollar Values Emdollar Values Employees Buildings Machinary Roads
USFS Policy Implications If the USFS ecosystem was removed from the land or adversely affected 49 trillion emdollars of natural capital and 68 billion emdollars of yearly environmental services would be potentially lost The USFS has an EYR of 10, suggesting much more emergy is benefiting the greater system than is required to manage it These results suggest that the USFS system benefits the country as a whole and should be maintained. The diversity and comparable magnitudes of Environmental Services being provided suggest that the multi-use use ethic employed by the USFS should continue
Conclusions from USFS Project The annual budget for the USFS varies depending on the year but is usually between 4-54 5 billion dollars The USFS provides 259 emdollars of environmental service benefit on a yearly basis, more than justifying the investment Using economic methods, environmental services from USFS lands total 48.8 billion dollars, also more than compensating for the management investment Further work is necessary to identify ecological services external to the economy and develop a process to integrate the values being provided by forests with the overall economy
Ecological Investment Corporation Will provide a mechanism to compensate Forest landowners for the ecological services provided by their lands Incentivizes preservation and best management practices (these will provide more service) Ecological services will be quantified using emergy so they will all be in common terms and directly transferable to dollar values
Ecological Services to be Evaluated for Maryland Carbon sequestration Water quality improvement Stormwater runoff abatement Air pollutant removal Biodiversity protection Soil generation and maintenance Services will be evaluated through field surveys and Appropriate established models (UFOR, Archydro)
Ecological Investment Corporation Model Net Income = de/dt = K + N - M - V
How will land owners be paid? A mechanism has not been settled upon to generate income for forest landowners but options includes 1. Taxation of high impact goods 2. Voluntary contributions 3. Flat tax 4. Annual audits of behavior 5. Ecological service market
Expected Results 1. The EIC model will equilibrate the flow of services from forest lands and the return from consumers of these services 2. This exchange will be economically viable 3. The system devised will be easily replicable and applicable not only to Maryland but any system that chooses to utilize it.
Contributors I would like to thank: Mark Brown, University of Florida David Tilley, University of Maryland Ted Weber, The Conservation Fund Peter May, Biohabitats Chris Streb, Biohabitats Dan Campbell, USEPA John Richardson, USEPA
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Osceola NF, courtesy Google Images Questions?