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ENSURING NUTRITION AND HEALTH SECURITY THROUGH MUSHROOM CULTIVATION Kailash Behari Mohapatra Department of Plant Pathology OUAT, Bhubaneswar

THE AMAZING MUSHROOM Without leaves, without buds, without flowers, yet, they form fruit; as a food, as a tonic, as a medicine, the entire creation is precious (Chang, 2007)

LOOKING BACK Mushrooms found in fossilized wood estimated to be 300 million years old. It appears, prehistoric man has used mushrooms in the wild as food. Further, it was evidenced in the Bible; the desert truffle, Terfezia arnenaria was described as Bread from heaven and Manna of the Israelites (Pegler, 2002).

MUSHROOMS : Beauty, Diversity and Relevance Mushrooms, indeed, are beautiful, beauty derives not merely from elegance and variety of form and colour but structure and architecture superbly linked to function and life style. Species range from being delicious to edible to hallucinogenic to poisonous, even of potential value and use in medicine. Enumeration, taxonomy, distribution, biology, chemistry, cultivation and conservation, naturally are of great relevance and will remain of perennial interest and fascination for us.

MUSHROOM PRODUCTION: An agribusiness activity Eco-friendly activity Economic activity Health food Production per unit area/ time more Round the year farming Mushroom farming vs. natural calamities Compatibility with IFS / eco-farms

MUSHROOM: a super food (Lelley,2006) Low energy level: weight reduction Low purine: gout and rheumatism relief Low glucose: beneficial for diabetics Very low sodium: relief from high blood pressure High content of vitamins: address vitamin requirements High content of K and P: important for growth High content of selenium: excellent antioxidant

MEDICINAL VALUES OF IMPORTANT MUSHROOMS Mushroom Compounds Medicinal properties Courtesy Ganoderma lucidum Ganoderic acid Beta-glucan Augments immune system, liver protection, Antibiotic properties, Inhibits cholesterol synthesis Wang et al., 2007 Lentinula edodes Eritadenine lentinan Lower cholesterol Anti-cancer agent Enman et al., 2007 Grifola frondosa Polysaccharide lectins Promotes insulin secretion, decrease blood glucose Horio and Ohtsuru, 2001

WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT VEGETABLE CROPS (NET RETURN) Crop Duration (days) Water requirement (acre inch) Approx. net return/acre (Rs.) Potato 80-120 25 12000 Brinjal 120 25 24000 Cabbage 125-130 25 8000 Cauliflower 120 25 15000 Tomato 100 20 25000 Okra 90-120 25 9000 Knolkhol 120 25 12000 Onion 115 25 14000 Chilli 120-130 30 12000 Straw mushroom 21 <2 120000 Oyster mushroom 42 <4 200000 Courtesy: Agronica (Directorate of Agriculture and food Production, Odisha), 2005

WORLD PRODUCTION OF MUSHROOMS* Rank Country Production (metric tonnes) 1 China 15,68,523 2 Italy 8,59,000 3 USA 3,59,630 4 Netherland 2,40,000 5 Poland 1,60,000 6 Spain 1,40,000 7 France 1,25,000 8 Ireland 75,000 9 Canada 73,257 10 UK 72,000 14 India 48,000 *Total mushroom production of the world is 4.0million tonnes (FAO stat, 2009)

SHARE OF INDIVIDUAL MUSHROOM TO GLOBAL PRODUCTION Agaricus 6% 5% 5% 10% 30% Pleurotus Lentinula Auricularia 17% Flammulina 27% Volvariella Others (Royse, 2014)

ASIA S MUSHROOM INDUSTRY IS MORE DIVERSE Mushroom Country China Japan South Korea Taiwan India Agaricus 1330400 (12.8%) - 19790 (11.6%) 4276 (4.0%) 96000 (80.0%) Lentinus 2228000 (21.5%) 35294 (10.7%) 41876 (24.6%) 36000 (33.0%) - Pleurotus 2488000 (24.0%) 5219 (1.6%) 61965 (36.5%) 4540 (4.2%) 13560 (11.0%) Others 4340500 (41.8%) 290333 (87.8%) 46369 (27.3%) 62984 (58.4%) 10440 (9.0%) (Chang, 2006b)

PER CAPITA CONSUMPTION OF MUSHROOM (kg) COUNTRIES Fresh Canned Total Rank Netherlands 11.62 0.00 11.62 1 Ireland 6.05 0.05 6.10 2 Belgium 3.77 0.69 4.46 3 Denmark 3.22 0.66 3.89 4 Spain 3.11 0.00 3.11 5 UK 2.81 0.20 3.01 6 France 2.58 0.14 2.72 7 Germany 1.27 1.20 2.47 8 Canada 1.71 0.59 2.30 9 Italy 1.56 0.06 1.62 10 USA 1.27 0.22 1.49 11 China 1.16 0.00 1.16 12 India 0.04 0.00 0.04 15 FAO stat, 2009

MUSHROOM PRODUCTION: National scenario (MT)* State Button Oyster Straw Milky Total production Punjab 5,7000 3,000 0 0 60,000 1 Odisha 126 4,165 8,331 0 12,622 2 Uttarakhand 8,000 500 0 0 8,500 3 Haryana 6,000 1,605 0 5 7,610 4 Uttar Pradesh 6,000 1,000 420 0 7,420 5 Tamil Nadu 4,000 1,700 400 800 6,900 6 Himachal Pradesh 6,000 360 0 0 6,360 7 Delhi 3,000 200 0 0 3,200 8 Rank Andhra Pradesh 3,000 100 0 100 3,200 9 Maharashtra 2,350 600 0 50 3,000 10 Others 500 400 253 35 1,188 - Total 9,5976 13,630 9,404 990 1,20,000 - * Projected figure, 2014-15

CONTRIBUTION OF STATES TO TOTAL MUSHROOM PRODUCTION 2% 1% Punjab 5% 3% 3% Odisha Uttarakhand 6% 6% 6% 7% 50% Haryana Uttar Pradesh Tamil Nadu Himachal Pradesh Delhi Andhra Pradesh 11% Maharashtra Others

MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Research on edible mushroom started in the Department of Plant Pathology, OUAT in 1972. Research efforts strengthened with the establishment of CTMRT in 1991-92. Studies undertaken on production of Volvariella, Calocybe and Pleurotus species. AICRP on Mushroom initiated by ICAR in 2009-10 to further the cause of mushroom development in the state.

MUSHROOM-FRIENDLY CLIMATE Odisha, a state in the Eastern coast of the country, enjoys a hot and humid climate that favours cultivation of tropical and subtropical mushrooms almost year round.

Sl. No. STATUS OF MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Particulars (2015-16) Information/ production (t/year) % of total production 1 Paddy straw mushroom 9550.0 60 2 Oyster mushroom 6310.0 39 3 Button mushroom 126.0 1 4 Total mushroom production 15,986.0 100 5 No. of spawn production units 255-6 Total spawn production 4,047-7 No. of processing units 4 - *The state contributes to 13% of the total mushroom production of the country (1,20,000 tonnes/ annum)

MAJOR MUSHROOM GROWING DISTRICTS OF ODISHA Puri 4% 8% 4% 3% 1% 9% 2% 2% 37% Khurda Ganjam Dhenkanal Bargarh Balasore Nayagarh Cuttack 30% Bhadrak others

MAJOR MUSHROOM GROWING DISTRICTS OF ODISHA Major mushroom growing districts

STRAW MUSHROOM Excellent flavour Short cropping cycle Outdoor cultivation possible Biological efficiency : 15 % Shelf life : 12 hours

RESEARCHES MADE SO FAR Twenty isolates have been collected from six agro-climatic zones of Odisha. Ten have been characterized in the Agriculture Biotechnology Department. Evaluation on yield and yield attributing parameters have been done. Two of the promising lines (OSM-11 and OSM- 12) promoted to AVT-1 in the National trials. The entries have also been introduced in OFTs of KVKs

ENTRIES BEING TESTED IN NATIONAL TRIALS OSM-11 OSM-12

Volvariella bombycina A HIGH YIELDING LOW TEMPERATURE TOLERANT STRAW MUSHROOM VARIETY

PRODUCTION SYSTEMS Straw mushroom grown as an intercrop in coconut plantations in the coastal areas Semi-controlled cultivation practiced in low cost thatched sheds, asbestos sheds, agro-net houses and poly houses in inland districts Indoor cultivation of straw mushroom using partially composted substrate is being popularized for higher productivity Over 60 % production contributed by outdoor farming

RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE GROWERS Straw soaking in 1-2% lime water Straw soaking period reduced from 12 to 6 hours Use of crumpled straw Off season cultivation is possible Bed dimension season dependant Vertical expansion possible

INDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM Straw supplemented with/ without cotton waste at 1:1 ratio Mixed with wheat bran and calcium carbonate Partially composted for a period of 6 days Pasteurized in situ and spawned Productivity could be as high as 45%

INDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

COMPETITOR MOLDS AND DISEASES Coprinus comatus has been detected as the principal competitor mold, able to reduce yields substantially (100%). Among diseases, bacterial button rot has been predominant over years.

HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS To be harvested at the bud stage Poly propylene / punnet packing are being demonstrated Further, storage in cool chambers at 10-15 0 C has been highly successful Short term storage in brine has not been popular among farmers

14000 PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE 12000 10000 Production (MT) 8000 6000 Straw Oyster Total 4000 2000 0 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year

OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF STRAW MUSHROOM

Mushroom shed STRAW MUSHROOM IN LOW COST THATCHED SHED

STRAW MUSHROOM IN ASBESTOS SHED

STRAW MUSHROOM IN LOW COST POLY HOUSE

OYSTER MUSHROOM Wide choice of varieties and agricultural wastes Less prone to diseases and competitor moulds Low cost of production Easy post-harvest processing Biological efficiency: 100 % Shelf life : 24 hours

Pleurotus sajor-caju

Pleurotus florida

Hypsizygus ulmarius

Pleurotus pulmonarius

Pleurotus eous

Pleurotus cornucopiae

BREAK THROUGH IN BIO EFFICIENCY Variety/ species substitution Species adaptability Use of alternative substrates Refinement of existing technology

HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS To be harvested when fruits start upward curling Poly propylene / punnet packing are being demonstrated Further, storage in cool chambers at 4-6 0 C has been highly successful Short term storage in brine has not been popular among farmers

PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE Pleurotus sajor caju (grey oyster) P. florida (white oyster) P. pulmonarius (indian oyster) Hypsizygus ulmarius (blue oyster) Pleurotus eous (pink oyster)

OUTDOOR CULTIVATION OF OYSTER MUSHROOM

OYSTER MUSHROOM IN AGRO- SHADENET

OYSTER MUSHROOM IN POLY HOUSE

MILKY MUSHROOM Attractive white mushroom with excellent keeping quality Wide choice of agricultural wastes Biological efficiency: 80-100% Shelf life : 3-4 days

ISOLATES UNDER STUDY

RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE GROWERS Steam pasteurization of substrate Mustard cake (5%) as organic additive Use of FYM + loam soil (1:1)/ vermin compost @500g/ bag as casing material Use of 3 weeks old spawn

HARVEST AND POST HARVEST OPERATIONS Harvested at 7-8cm pileus size Can be stored at ambient for 3-4 days Fruit bodies packaged in PP bags/ punnets

PEOPLES ACCEPTANCE So far has not attained commercial status in the state However, efforts are on to popularize it across the state soon

MILKY MUSHROOM IN POLY-HOUSE

MUSHROOM SPAWN Mushroom Research Centre, OUAT, Bhubaneswar provides master spawn to the spawn producers and the KVKs Multiplied to commercial/ planting spawn at their level and supplied to growers for mushroom production Often, the spawn production units are monitored for quality maintenance

SPAWN PRODUCTION SCENARIO OF ODISHA Puri Khurda Ganjam 24% 18% Dhenkanal Bargarh 4% 5% 5% 4% 5% 7% 11% 17% Balasore Nayagarh Bhadrak Jagatsingpur Others

RENEWED ADVISORY FOR THE SPAWN PRODUCERS PP bags / bottles to be used against glass bottles Replacement of mother cultures at regular intervals Maintenance of sanitary measures

MUSHROOM VALUE ADDITION: STATUS People are in habit of consuming fresh mushrooms However, mushroom pickle, sauce and soup powder are gaining popularity In Odisha, two processing units have started commercial production with FPO license More and more processing are likely to come up soon in the state

MUSHROOM VALUE ADDITION : DEFICIENCY Training on value addition Commercial units expensive Acquiring license from Govt. of India Meager domestic demand

BUTTON MUSHROOM IN ODISHA Odisha has already entered in the club of button mushroom producing states At present, two farms are producing 126 t/annum button mushroom Further, two commercial button mushroom farms are under construction Hopefully, Odisha will become self sufficient in button mushroom production soon

WHITE BUTTON MUSHROOM

ECONOMICS OF MUSHROOM CULTIVATION A single bag of oyster mushroom (80 cm x 40 cm) costs : Rs.40 Average yield/bag : 1.5 kg Sale price : Rs.60/kg Gross income/bag : Rs.90 Net income/bag : Rs.50 (In 4 sq.ft. area in 45 days period) A single bed of straw mushroom (1.5 x1.5 x1.5 ) costs : Rs.60 Average yield/bed : 1.0 kg Sale price : Rs.120/kg Gross income/bed : Rs.120 Net income/bed : Rs.60 (In 10 sq.ft. area in 21 days period)

OUR VISION Production of paddy straw mushroom through indoor cultivation Popularization of milky mushroom Self sufficiency in button mushroom production Introduction of few promising species/ varieties Streamlining mushroom marketing Replacement of glass bottles with PP packets/ bottles for spawn production Awareness on mushroom value addition

INITIATIVES Linkage with KVKs, line Departments, ICAR institutes and NGOs Participation in collaborative programmes E-addressal of problems Organization of entrepreneurs meet Monitoring of mushroom farms Mushroom as a component of IFS and urban nutritional gardens Mushroom Research Centre, pro-active for farmers across the nation

HARVESTING SMILES

Mrs.Geetanjali Mohanty

Mr. Sanjit Mohanty

Mr. Santosh Mishra

Mrs.Jayanti Padhan

OUR STRENGTH Climate favorable for growing all the tropical and sub- tropical mushrooms Raw materials as well as manpower available in plenty Technical assistance available Preference for mushroom consumption increasing day by day Increasing urbanization and industrialization Being a women friendly crop, production facilitated with a strong MISSION SHAKTI existing in the state

Mushroom and Women empowerment(2010-2015) 60 50 No. of women trainees 40 30 In-Campus Off-Campus 20 10 0 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 Year 2013-14 2014-15

MUSHROOM AND WOMEN EMPOWERMENT

CONCLUSION With the cooperation of all concerned lets facilitate non-green revolution sweep across Odisha soon

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all the stake holders directly or indirectly related to the cause of mushroom improvement in the state of Odisha.