Sessin: Planning Large and Small Scale Micrgrids and Smart Grids Resilient and Renewable Micrgrids Sam Bth Natinal Renewable Energy Labratry August 10th, 2016 Rhde Island Cnventin Center Prvidence, Rhde Island
Summary This presentatin reviews several key aspects f micrgrid planning and design alng with examples prjects including: Requirements determinatin and lad analysis Generatin analysis with an emphasis n renewable energy Micrgrid mdeling Operating requirements Lessns learned 2 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Natinal Renewable Energy Labratry (NREL) Overview Supprts DD s cmplementary missins related t energy use. Dedicated t Advancing Energy Efficiency, Renewable Energy and Energy Systems Integratin. Owned by the Department f Energy Leading clean-energy innvatin fr 34 years ~2500 emplyees with wrld-class facilities Mre than 350 active partnerships Campus is a living mdel f sustainable energy 3 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Micrgrid Requirement and Lad Analysis What kind f micrgrid, building, campus, r utility? What type and duratin f utage d yu need t survive? What ther things d want yur micrgrid t prirtize e.g. ecnmic savings? Start by identifying and classifying lads Sheddable, essential critical? Initially need t determine Min, average, and max lads Lad prfile Types f lads NREL CORE Micrgrid Design Prcess 4 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Miramar Example: Requirements Determinatin Pwer critical lads n Flight-Line and supprting facilities in the event f a grid utage with ptential fr future expansin 7 MW max, 4 MW avg, 2.5 MW min 4.5 MW f existing renewable energy Requirement t perate fr at least tw weeks in islanded mde and use redundant/n-site fuel surces t enhance resiliency Prject Gals: Energy Resilience Maximize renewable energy and use f existing assets Revenue frm grid tied peratins and grid supprt 5 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Prbability f Surviving Outage [%] Micrgrid Generatin Analysis Existing generatins surces New generatin ptins Match between generatin and lad Fr renewable energy analyze resurce, incentives, technlgies, permitting, etc. Benefits f renewables Extend duratin f utage Ptentially limitless pwer supply fr cntinued peratin f selected lads Imprve ecnmics by prviding grid cnnected value 100% Dispatch Strategy Battery Charging Grid Outage 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Length f Outage [Days] Base Case + 2.0 MW PV, 500 kwh Batt Base Case + 625 kw PV, 175 kwh Batt 6 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Renewable Generatin Technlgies Phtvltaics Wind Pwer Landfill Gas Gethermal Cncentrating Slar Pwer Bimass Heat/Pwer Hydr Fuel Cells Others: - Bifuels (e.g. bidiesel) fr generatrs - Waste t energy - Marine hydrkinetic 7 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Renewable Energy and Strage Cst Reductin Trends 8 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Rule f Thumb fr RE in Hybrid Systems 9 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Example Prject: MCAS Miramar ESTCP Smaller Micrgrid demnstratin prject at Miramar s Public Wrks building; successfully islanded December 2015 Raythen cntrller, 200 kw PV, 250 kwh Primus Pwer flw battery, building lads Battery supprted the islanded grid with high PV penetratin (80%); autmated inverter curtailment functin used; significant cluding events 10 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Frequency(Hz) Energy Strage & Inverters Energy strage cupled with bidirectinal inverters permit: Smthing f PV generatin Dispatchable pwer Peak lad reductin/shifting Vltage supprt Frequency supprt Mre respnsive than cnventinal generatin Can prvide excellent pwer quality 60.14 60.06 59.98 59.9 59.82 59.74 59.66 08:30 08:45 09:00 09:15 3m:47s 09:30 09:45 10:00 10:15 10:30 10:45 11:00 11:15 11:30 Inverter technlgy has advanced significantly in recent years 11 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Utility-Friendly Features f Mdern Inverters L3 (A) Curtailment f Inverter Pwer Level Disable inverter Discrete step increase r decrease Ramp Rate Cntrl Reduces sudden lad changes 150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10:00 10:01 10:02 10:03 10:04 10:05 10:06 10:07 10:08 VAR Supprt fr Grid Can adjust lad pwer factr (leading r lagging) Lw & High Vltage/Frequency Ride Thrugh Capabilities Can stay n-line during grid vltage & frequency disturbances Cmmunicatin Capabilities Requires infrastructure (fiber ptic, cpper, radi, etc.) 12 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Example Prject: PMRF Navy Tech Demnstratin Pacific Missile Range Facility (PMRF) lcated n western shres f Kauai, Hawaii - unusual daily lad prfile due t missin activities Energy Management System prject with Hneywell (2013) enabled cnnectin f stranded PV withut cmprmise t installatin s pwer quality, and prevented backfeed t utility Energy Strage - lithium irn magnesium phsphate batteries Mnitring and Cntrl System Awarded FY16 ESTCP prject fr expansin 13 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Mdeling and Testing Overview Mdeling is necessary because f unique design challenges Self regulatin fr vltage and frequency Advanced cntrls and prtectin schemes Fssil fuel and alternative energy generatin resurces What d yu Mdel: Electrical distributin system, generatin equipment, lads, and cntrls Micrgrid start up, feeder lss, faults, different generatin ptins Pwer and/r cntrller hardware in the lp testing is als recmmended fr risk reductin Hardware in the lp testing f Raythen Micrgrid Cntrller at NREL s ESIF Filter Frequency Gas Injectin Diesel Injectin Engine 1 Speed Bias + + Σ - Speed Cntrller (Gvernr) Fuel Actuatr Air System Turb Charger Pwer System Transient mdel cmparing respnd f diesel and natural gas engines 14 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Example Prject: Alcatraz Island Micrgrid PV/Battery/Diesel Hybrid System Agency: NPS Lcatin: Alcatraz Island, Califrnia DOE FEMP Assistance resurce and lad mnitring (14 mnths); feasibility study; financing and cntracting assistance; design charrette; design review; cnstructin RFI s; cmmissining assistance; perfrmance evaluatin and recmmendatins. 15 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Other Off Grid U.S. Prject Examples DHS Park service Verizn 16 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Micrgrid Operatins General Cnsideratins Skilled staff (typically engineers r electricians) are needed t perate a micrgrid Specifics skill are dependent n the particular prject, key cnsideratins include safety, level f autmatin, cntrl characteristics, and risk. Micrgrids are nt standard in the DD and training is required Need simulated training envirnment Miramar Example Operated and staffed in partnership with NAVFAC (Miramar s utility) Frm new micrgrid peratins center Grid Cnnected Mde Awareness, efficiency, cst savings (~99% ) Advanced Metering and real-time mnitring Analytics, trends, and reprts Crrective actin n building equipment Execute demand respnse Lad management/peak shaving Mnitr renewable energy systems Islanded Mde emergency situatin r pwer utage (~0-1%) Operate Micrgrid Several weeks f training and cmputer simulatin trainer fr peratrs prvided 17 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Micrgrid Business Case Capital csts are dependent n a number f factrs Extent f critical lads & electrical system Infrastructure mdificatins required New and existing generatin requirements Energy strage/spinning reserve requirements Utility acceptance Cmmunicatins methds Envirnmental regulatins Revenue streams frm grid cnnected peratins are essential t have savings Self generatin Demand respnse Peak shaving Ancillary services Energy security valuatin cnducted Methdlgy t value nn-energy savings attributed t energy security prjects Studied impact f an utage and develped a custmer damage functin Analyzed utility reliability Value = Cst f an utage x prbability f an utage Business Case Value f Energy Security + Revenue Streams > Capital and O&M Csts f Micrgrid 18 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Miramar Installatin Micrgrid Summary Primarily flight training and peratins Site: 14 MW peak, 5 MW min Critical: 6 MW peak, 2.5 MW min 8 hur utility utage in 2011 Flights grunded (missin halted), generatrs didn t start, gate security issues, fd spiled, etc. CORE micrgrid assessment cmpleted in 2012 Critical lad analysis Generatin ptin analysis Electrical systems mdeling Financial analysis and ECIP applicatin Prject awarded ~$20 M in ECIP cnstructin funding New generatin and micrgrid peratins center Savings frm frm peak shaving and demand respnse Challenges: RE integratin, cyber security, and being first NREL supprted RFP develpment and reviews Prject recently awarded and in design phase Will be largest, mst renewable/advanced DD micrgrid First at site wide scale with high levels f diverse renewable energy and savings frm grid cnnected peratins 19 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Lessns Learned Lessns Learned Renewable energy and sustainability dn t always mean resiliency Resiliency can mean different things t different peple Fr DD cyber security is a key challenge Success requires nging develpment supprt Mtivated partners are the key differentiatr Pssible NREL Micrgrid Prject Supprt Prtfli evaluatin f micrgrid business case acrss r at select sites Develpment f prmising micrgrid prjects RFP develpment and bid reviews Jint technlgy develpment r demnstratin prgrams 20 Energy Exchange: Federal Sustainability fr the Next Decade
Thank Yu! Sam Bth 303-275-4625 samuel.bth@nrel.gv