Indian Res. J. Genet. & Biotech. 9(2) May: 298 302 (2017) Impact of crop diversification and intensification on yield, productivity and economics of different cropping systems growing in western Uttar Pradesh S.B. Singh, Raj vir Singh 1 and S.K. Chauhan 2 Asst. professor / Agronomist (AICRP-IFS) Dept. of Agronomy, R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra (U. P.) - 283 105 ABSTRACT A field experiment was conducted during 2013-14 and 2014-15 at Agricultural Research Farm in Cropping Systems Research Centre (ICAR), R.B..S College Bichpuri, Agra (U.P.) to indentify the appropriate cropping system(s) with high productivity through intensification and diversification of crops. The results indicated that in kharif season, the yield of major pearlmillet crop was obtained between 20 to 29 q ha -1 ; while in rabi season, the yield of wheat ranged between 40 to 45 q ha -1, mustard about 25 q ha -1 and potato around 250-300 q ha -1. During summer season, the yield of Clusterbean (pod), green gram, Okra (bhindi) and cowpea (fodder) were noted 61.00, 13.90, 65.97 and 147.02 q ha -1 in 2013-14 and 60.14, 14.10, 68.90 and 167.12 q ha -1 in 2014-15, respectively. The maximum net return was noted to be around Rs.1,60,585.00 ha -1 with GM (dhaincha) Okra closely followed by pearlmillet potato Clusterbean (pods) sequence ( Rs.1,57,146 ha -1 ) compared to check control cropping system i.e. pearlmillet wheat- fallow being (Rs.53,139 ha -1 ) indicating around Rs.1,07,446 more net profit ha -1 ) with the former treatment (T 7 potato based ) over local/ check pearlmillet wheat sequence (T 1 ). Introduction: The share of agriculture in total GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in now reducing i.e. 17.4 in 2015-16, compared to 21.0% in 2009-10 and 50% in 1950-51. However, the food grain production was estimated 252.22 million tonnes (mt) in 2015-16. This has to increase in future, because of increasing food demand, which will likely to reach 350 1- Assistant Professor Dept. of Agronomy, R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra 2- Agronomist, USWA Project, R.B.S. College Bichpuri, Agra by the year 2050 to feed 1.7 billion population of India (India vision 2020). The growth in production of agricultural crops depends on acreage and yield. Limitations in the expansion of agricultural level suggest that increase in gross cropped area come from crop intensification and diversification of the cropping system by way of multiple / inter / mixed /alley cropping. Thus, the main source of long term output growth in improvement in crop yield. Since, there is a dire need of the time to adopt vertical growth in crop yields, rather than horizontal growth in land area in agriculture sector. The crop diversification and intensification (for 300% or even 400%) will increase the crop productivity and production (both) through the adoption of principles of crop rotation, inclusion of fodder / pulse / oilseed/ vegetable / medicinal and aromatic crop in the crop sequence. In future, as the land holding size is reducing with division of family that has gone now to 1.5 acre per family presently. In Agro- Eco sub region (AESR) 4.1 of Agra (western U.P.), 300% cropping intensify system pearlmillet / E-mail of corresponding author: drrajjcb@gmail.com Published by Indian Society of Genetics, Biotechnology Research and Development, 5, E Biotech Bhawan, Nikhil Estate, Mugalia Road, Shastripuram, Sikandra, Agra 282007 Online management by www.isgbrd.co.in
2 S.B. Singh et al. [Vol.9 No.2] pigeon pea / soybean wheat / mustard / potato- mungbean/ cowpea for crop diversification and intensification appeared most remunerative to adopt by the farmers. Materials and methods: The field experiment was conducted at R.B.S. College Agricultural Research Farm in Cropping Systems Research (ICAR), Bichpuri Agra during 2013-14 and 2014-15. Ten treatments, comprising efficient productive and remunerative cropping sequences namely; (i) pearlmillet (shakti SBH 7173) - Wheat (HD 2687) (check / control); (ii) pearlmillet wheat greengram (K851); (iii) pearlmillet Lentil (DPL-5); (iv) Soybean (PK -1092) wheat + mustard (Rohini); (v) pigeonpea (UPAS-120)- wheat; (vi) greengram mustard; (vii) Dhaincha (GM- Local) Potato (E 3797) Kufari Bahar- okra (Anamika); (viii) pearlmillet potato Clusterbean (pods) (Amul 51); (ix) sesamum (Guj-1)- barley (PL 172) green gram and (x) sorghum (F) (Samrat) oat (F), (Local) - cowpea (F) (Local) were evaluated in R.B.D. (Randomized Block Design), using four replications. The soil was sandy loam, having p H 8.1, organic carbon 0.38%, available P-10.5 kg ha -1 and available K 280 kg ha -1. The experimental field was well drained. The water table in experimental year was 14.3m. The rainfall in this region was 650 mm in the year and 80% precipitation in four months of rainy season (June to September). All the crops were grown under normal conditions, using recommended package of practices and fertilizers. The crop yields were calculated on the basis of net area harvested under each crop and the considering the cost of quantity and other crop produces. The net returns (Rs ha -1 ) and Benefit / Cost (B/C) ratio for each sequence were also calculated. The cost of cultivation was calculated, keeping in view the inputs used and output received from a particular system. Results and discussion: The data presented in Table 1 & 2 clearly indicated that in kharif season, the yield of major crops of pearlmillet was obtained between 20 to 29 q ha -1 ; while in rabi season, the yields of wheat ranged between 40 to 45 q ha -1, mustard about 25 q ha -1 and potato around 250-300 q ha -1. During summer season the yield of Clusterbean (pods) greengram, okra and cowpea (fodder) were noted 61.00, (13.90,15.70) 65.97 and 147.02 q ha -1 in 2013-14 and 60.14, (14.10,16.40) 68.90 and 167.12 q ha -1 in 2014-15, respectively. The maximum net return was obtained Rs.1,60,585 ha -1 with G.M (dhaincha)-potato okra, closely followed by pearlmillet potato Clusterbean (pods) sequence (Rs.1,57,146 ha -1 ) during 2013-14 while in 2014-15 the maximum net return was noted to be around Rs.1,38,081 ha -1 with pearlmillet potato Clusterbean (pods), closely followed by dhaincha (GM) potato okra, sequence (Rs.1,29,378 ha -1 ); compared to check / control cropping system i.e. pearlmillet wheat fallow being (Rs.53,139 ha -1 ) indicating around Rs.1,07,446 more net profit ha -1 in 2013-14, while in 2014-15 Rs.59,738 ha -1 indicating around Rs.78,343 more net profit per ha -1, with the farmer treatment (T 7 & T 8 potato based ) over local / check pearlmillet wheat sequence T 1. This shows that taking potato in sequence gave the higher net profit. Similar results were also reported by Ali et al., 2012, Sharma et al., 2013 Meelu et al., 1994, Mukherjee, 2010, Soni & Kaur, 1984, Sharma et al., 2014 Tomar & Tiwari, 1990 and anonymous (2016 ). The benefit cost ratio was recorded maximum in Dhaincha (GM) Potato - okra crop sequence 2.78 and closely followed by pearlmillet potato- clusterbean (Pods) 2.58 in 2013-14 and in 2014-15, the ratio was maximum 2.50 in Green gram mustard fallow crop rotation closely followed by 2.26 in Dhaincha (GM)- potato- okra crop sequence. The minimum benefit cost ratio was 1.66 and 1.76 obtained in sorghum (f) oat (f)- cowpea (f) crop rotation for 2013-14 and 2014-15, respectively.
May2017 Impact of crop diversification and intensification 3 Conclusion: Keeping in view the various cropping sequences, dhaincha (Gm) potato okra system recorded the highest net returns followed by pearlmillet potato cluster bean (pods) and pearlmillet wheat greengram sequence. Theses 300% intensive sequences were appeared more remunerative than control (pearlmillet wheat i.e. 200% intensity. From benefit / cost (B/C) ratio points of view, dhaincha (GM) potato okra and pearlmillet potato Clusterbean cropping sequences showed much higher B/C ratios 1.75 and 1.40 respectively, compared to other sequences. References: 1. Ali, R.I., Awan, T.H. Ahmad, M. Saleem, M.U. and Akhtar, M. 2012. Diversification of rice based cropping system to improve soil fertility, sustainable productivity and economics. The Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences 22:108-12. 2. Anonymous (2016). Annual Progress Report of AICRP-IFS Centre, R. B. S. College, Bichpuri, Agra (U. P. ) pp. 25-27. 3. Bhatnagar, P.S. and Joshi, O.P. 1999. Soybean in cropping systems in India, In: Integrated crop management series, F.A.O. Rome 3:1-39 4. Meelu, O.P. Singh, Y and Singh, B. 1994. Green manuring for crop productivity improvement. F.A.O. World soil Resources Reports, No. 76. F.A.O, Rome. 5. Mukherjee, D. 2010. Productivity, profitability and apparent nutrient balance under different crop sequences in mid hill condition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 80(5): 420-22. 6. Sharma D. K., Sheetal and Ladha, J.K. 2013. Optimizing intensive cereal based cropping system addressing current and future divers of agricultural change in the north western Indi- Gangetic plains of India, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 177: 85-97. 7. Sharma, R.P.; Pathak, S.K; Haqhe, M. and Raman, K.R.. 2004. Diversification of rice based cropping systems for sustainable production in South Bihar alluvial plains. Indian Journal of Agronomy 49 (4): 218-22 8. Soni, P.N. and Kaur, R. 1984. Studies on production potential of different cropping systems. Indian Journal of Agronomy 35 (1&2) : 30-35 9. Tomar, S.S. and Tiwari, A.S.1990. Production, potential and economics of different cropping sequence. Indian Journal of Agronomy 35 (1-2): 30-35 Table 1: Yield (kg ha -1 ), Return (Rs ha -1 ), B:C Ratio and equivalent yield in term of wheat of different cropping systems ( 2013-14) Indian Res. J. Genet. & Biotech. 8(4) Nov: 370-77 (2016)
Treatments Cropping systems 4 S.B. Singh et al. [Vol.9 No.2] Yield (Kg ha -1 ) Return (Rs. ha -1 ) B:C Ratio Eq. Yield in term of wheat Kharif Rabi Summer Gross Net T 1 T 2 T 3 Wheat Fallow (Check / Control) wheat Green gram Lentil - Fallow 2740.50 4412.60-116539 53139 1.83 60.70 3630.30 4508.20 1570.80 175347 94047 2.15 101.21 2710.50 1590.60-79415 39295 1.97 45.81 T 4 Soybean wheat + Mustard (8:1) - Fallow 1220.10 3809.00 + 500.20-115556 53176 1.85 71.18 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 Pigeonpea Wheat - Fallow Green gram Mustard - Fallow Dhaincha (GM) Okra15714 Pearlmillet- Clusterbean (P) 1910.20 4117.70-145019 74819 2.06 86.03 1620.30 2490.80-144000 87100 2.53 98.22-31902.40 6597.20 250785 160585 2.78 178.49 2640.30 28409.10 6100.30 256346 157146 2.58 172.02 T 9 Sesamum Barley Greengram T 10 Sorghum (F) Oat (F) Cowpea (F) 950.40 3905.90 1390.90 147460 80560 2.20 88.72 24270.80 24125.50 14702.10 100015 39915 1.66 71.18
Treatments Cropping systems May2017 Impact of crop diversification and intensification 5 Table 2: Yield (kg ha -1 ), Return (Rs ha -1 ), B:C Ratio and equivalent yield in term of wheat of different cropping systems ( 2014-15) Yield (Kg ha -1 ) Return (Rs. ha -1 ) B:C Ratio Eq. Yield in term of wheat Kharif Rabi Summer Gross Net T 1 T 2 T 3 Wheat Fallow (Check / Control) wheat Green gram Lentil - Fallow 2690.50 4510.60-129538 59738 1.85 62.74 2420.10 4480.10 1640.1 187735 97535 2.08 103.62 2890.60 1640.10-85591 40991 1.91 50.60 T 4 Soybean wheat + Mustard (8:1) - Fallow 1350.60 3905.10 + 510.40-132990 62060 1.87 75.22 T 5 T 6 T 7 T 8 Pigeonpea Wheat - Fallow Green gram Mustard - Fallow Dhaincha (GM) Okra15714 Pearlmillet- Clusterbean (P) 1880.40 4210.10-161895 84365 2.08 93.96 1705.20 2390.70-151080 90680 2.50 100.74-30801.6 6890.1 231418 129378 2.26 159.59 2610.20 29701.40 6014.2 253482 138081 2.19 167.07 T 9 Sesamum Barley Greengram T 10 Sorghum (F) Oat (F) Cowpea (F) 980.20 4010.60 1410.5 158270 86800 2.21 91.45 25640.10 23140.80 16712.6 115573 50103 1.76 79.68 Indian Res. J. Genet. & Biotech. 8(4) Nov: 370-77 (2016)