Workshop on Identification of Innovative Dissemination Approach for Agricultural Technology, Solo, Indonesia 27-28 October 2010 The achievement of SSNM for maize in the field Mirasol Pampolino International Plant Nutrition Institute Southeast Asia Program Penang, Malaysia
Site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) An approach for feeding crops with nutrients as and when needed, to meet the requirements of a high-yielding crop. It advocates: optimal use of existing indigenous nutrient sources (e.g. crop residue, manure) timely application of fertilizers at optimal rates SSNM for maize is an adaptation of the most recently published principles of SSNM developed for rice (Buresh and Witt, 2007; IRRI, 2007). 2
Estimating fertilizer requirements 1. Identify a yield target (i.e. attainable yield) Depends on climate, variety, and season Yield achieved with best management practices and ample supply of nutrients Indicates the total amount of nutrients needed by the crop 2. Estimate indigenous nutrient supply Can be determined through use of nutrient omission plots: 0N (PK), 0P (NK), 0K (NP) Yield in nutrient omission plot indicates amount of nutrient from indigenous sources 3. Estimate amount of nutrient to be supplied as fertilizer Fertilizer requirement = total requirement indigenous supply (Yield target yield in omission plot)/nutrient requirement Taking into account nutrient efficiencies and nutrient balance Attainable yield 10 t Yield without N fertilizer 5 t Yield potential N from fertilizer Indigenous N supply 3
Site-specific nutrient management in maize IPNI Southeast Asia Program Indonesia IAARD, ICFORD, ICATAD, AIAT, UN Vietnam SFRI, WASI, IAS, Cantho University, CLRRI Philippines UPLB Corn RDE network, DA-BAR, PhilRice, BSWM, GMA Corn, AFC 2004-2010 2005-2010 2008-2010
SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize Trial results from three countries (2004-2008) were used to: update the SSNM recommendation for hybrid maize (January 2009) develop the software Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize (version 1.0 completed in Dec. 2009) 5
Fertilizer N requirements for maize Based on yield response to fertilizer N and agronomic efficiencies AEN (kg grain/kg N) 40 Fertilizer N requirement (kg N/ha) 300 In favorable tropical environments: AEN = 20 to 35 kg/kg 30 20 250 200 150 10 0 Target AEN Fertilizer N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Grain yield response to N (t/ha) 100 50 6 AEN is most likely linked to the yield response to fertilizer N application depending on climatic conditions and yield level in an average season.
Fertilizer P 2 O 5 requirements for maize Non-P fixing soils Fertilizer P = f (yield response, P removal) Yield target (t/ha) 4 6 t/ha 7 9 t/ha 10 12 t/ha Expected yield response to fertilizer P over 0P plot (t/ha) Fertilizer P 2 O 5 rate (kg/ha) 0 10 20 20 30 30 40 0.5 20 30 30 40 40 50 1.0 30 40 40 50 50 60 1.5 40 50 50 60 60 70 2.0 50 60 60 70 70 80 2.5 60 70 70 80 80 90 7 Based on a P requirement of 20 kg P 2 O 5 /t of yield response (i.e. AEP of 112 kg grain/kg P) plus a 75% return of P removal with grain (i.e. 3.3 kg P 2 O 5 /t grain yield) Apply 100% of fertilizer P with basal application. Yet to be considered: P fixation, available P, other soil properties, cropping system
Fertilizer K 2 O requirements for maize Fertilizer K = f (yield response, K removal) Yield target (t/ha) 4 6 t/ha 7 9 t/ha 10 12 t/ha Expected yield response to fertilizer K over 0K plot (t/ha) Fertilizer K 2 O rate (kg/ha) 0 15 25 25 35 35 45 0.5 30 40 40 50 50 60 1.0 45 55 55 65 65 75 1.5 60 70 70 80 80 90 2.0 75 85 85 95 95 105 2.5 90 100 100 110 110 120 8 Based on a K requirement of 30 kg K 2 O/t yield response (i.e. AEK of 40 kg grain/kg K) plus a 100% return of K removal with grain (i.e. 3.6 kg K 2 O/ t grain yield) Apply 100% of fertilizer K 2 O with basal application, if 60 kg K 2 O/ha. Apply each 50% of fertilizer K 2 O basal and mid-season, if > 60 kg K 2 O/ha. Yet to be considered: Exchangeable K, other soil properties, cropping system
Results of field trials in Indonesia (2004-2007) Site Province District EJA East Java Kediri GRO Central Java Grobogan LAM Lampung Central & South SUL South Sulawesi Jeneponto SUM North Sumatra Tanah Karo WON Central Java Wonogiri 9
Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007) Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM FFP % Yield t/ha 7.9 8.8 0.9 11% AEN kg/kg 21.2 29.7 8.5 40% Fertilizer N kg/ha 192 157-36 -19% Fertilizer P 2 O 5 kg/ha 55 78 22 39% Fertilizer K 2 O kg/ha 61 93 31 50% Revenue US$/ha 1,405 1,564 159 11% Fertilizer cost US$/ha 236 255 19 8% Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs US$/ha 1106 1246 140 13% 10 4-5 farms x 6 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, 2005-2007. Farm gate prices (average Indonesia prices, 2004-2007): 0.15 US$/kg grain; 0.98 US$/1000 seeds; 0.29 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.66 US$/kg fertilizer P 2 O 5 ; 0.47 US$/kg fertilizer K 2 O
Attainable yield at six sites in Indonesia (2004-2007) Grain yield (t/ha) 16 Site Attainable yield (t/ha) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON n mean min max EJA 62 10.4 7.5 13.8 GRO 45 9.8 5.8 13.7 LAM 50 9.2 5.7 13.7 SUL 42 6.9 4.0 9.6 SUM 65 10.3 6.2 12.6 WON 26 5.7 2.9 7.3 11
Yield response to N fertilizer Yield response to N (t/ha) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0-2 EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON Site Attainable yield (t/ha) N response (t/ha) EJA 10.4 4.2 GRO 9.8 8.0 LAM 9.2 3.1 SUL 6.9 2.1 SUM 10.3 5.3 WON 5.7 2.8 12
Yield response to P fertilizer Yield response to P (t/ha) 6 Site 4 2 0-2 EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON Attainable yield (t/ha) P response (t/ha) EJA 10.4 1.0 GRO 9.8 1.2 LAM 9.2 1.3 SUL 6.9 0.9 SUM 10.3 1.5 WON 5.7 1.6 13
Yield response to K fertilizer Yield response to K (t/ha) 6 Attainable yield K response Site (t/ha) (t/ha) 4 EJA 10.4 0.9 2 0-2 EJA GRO LAM SUL SUM WON GRO 9.8 1.0 LAM 9.2 1.3 SUL 6.9 0.5 SUM 10.3 1.3 WON 5.7 0.7 14
Effect of SSNM on grain yield at six sites in Indonesia (2005-2007) Site n SSNM-FFP (t/ha) EJA 15 0.8 GRO 10 0.6 LAM 10 1.5 SUL 9 0.3 SUM 20 2.0 WON 4 0.5 15
Results of field trials (2004-2008) Across three countries in Southeast Asia: Indonesia, Philippines, Vietnam 16
Attainable maize yield in Southeast Asia Site Average farmers yield (t/ha) Average attainable yield (t/ha) Maximum attainable yield (t/ha) Simulated potential yield (t/ha) Wonogiri, C Java, Indonesia 4.9 5.7 7.3 12-14 Lampung, Indonesia 7.2 9.2 13.7 12-14 Nueva Ecija, Philippines 7.9 9.0 14.2 12-15 An Giang, Vietnam 8.3 8.8 10.3 11-14 CuM gar, Dak Lak, Vietnam 6.2 7.8 12.0 12-15 Data are the average of 4-5 farms per site in at least 2 seasons, 2004-2007. Potential yield was estimated using the model HybridMaize (Yang et al 2006). 17
Agronomic and economic performance of SSNM across three countries (2005-2008) Parameter Unit FFP SSNM SSNM FFP % Yield t/ha 7.2 8.3 1.2 16% AEN kg/kg 16.4 25.1 8.7 53% Fertilizer N kg/ha 167 151-16 -10% Fertilizer P 2 O 5 kg/ha 71 83 11 16% Fertilizer K 2 O kg/ha 77 95 18 23% Revenue US$/ha 1275 1480 205 16% Fertilizer cost US$/ha 244.8 258.4 13.6 6% Gross benefit over seed & fertilizer costs US$/ha 971 1155 184 19% 18 4-13 farms x 19 sites x 1-4 crops in Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam, 2005-2008. Farm gate prices (average regional prices, 2004-2007): 0.18 US$/kg grain; 0.93 US$/1000 seeds; 0.71 US$/kg fertilizer N; 0.88 US$/kg fertilizer P 2 O 5 ; 0.81 US$/kg fertilizer K 2 O
Tools, products, and ongoing activities Software Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize (available for download at >http://seap.ipni.net<) Indonesian version: Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS) Film on best management practices for maize (under preparation) Quick Guides (under preparation) 19
Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize Available for download (free of charge) at >http://seap.ipni.net< 20
Pemupukan Jagung Spesifik Lokasi (PuJS) Translation of Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize to PuJS was made possible through the SSNM Technical Team for Maize in Indonesia 21
Ongoing Activities in Indonesia Field testing of PuJS recommendations by farmers in five provinces (through the BPTP): Central Java East Java Lampung North Sumatra South Sulawesi Development of Quick Guides for Maize (in five provinces) by BPTP in consultation with local maize experts 22
23 Quick Guide for Maize: Example for Central Lampung Sandy loam
24 Quick Guide for Maize: Example for Central Lampung Clayey soils
Framework for SSNM evaluation and dissemination Locally relevant material and products for wider scale dissemination Web Print Video Phone Radio Impact assessment Dissemination Current farmers practice Diagnostic assessment Farm surveys Stakeholders meetings Nutrient Expert for Maize software New management practice Develop SSNM prototype Nutrient Expert for Maize software Quick Guides Web Print Video Phone Radio Wider-scale evaluation Generic material developed into sitespecific recommendations and tested in consultation with stakeholders Refinement of strategy Participatory evaluation Stakeholders meetings Field testing/evaluation/monitoring Workshops
IPNI Regional Maize Project in Southeast Asia Collaborating Partners Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research & Development (IAARD) Indonesian Center for Food Crops Research and Development (ICFORD) Indonesian Center for Soil & Agro-climate Research and Development (ICSARD) Indonesian Center for Agriculture Technology Assessment and Development (ICATAD) Indonesian Cereals Research Institute (ICRI) Indonesian Soil Research Institute (ISRI) Indonesian Agro-climate and Hydrology Research Institute (IAHRI) Assessment Institutes for Agricultural Technology (AIAT) East Java, North Sumatra, Central Java, Lampung, South Sulawesi University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Department of Agriculture - Bureau of Agricultural Research (DA-BAR) Cagayan Valley Integrated Agricultural Research Center (DA-CVIARC) Northern Mindanao Integrated Agricultural Research Center (NOMIARC) Philippine Rice Research Institute (PhilRice) Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM) Department of Agriculture (DA) GMA Corn Vietnamese Academy for Agricultural Sciences (VAAS) Soils and Fertilizer Research Institute (SFRI) Western Highlands Agro-Forestry Scientific & Technical Institute (WASI) Institute of Agricultural Science of South Vietnam (IAS) University of Cantho Cuu Long Delta Rice Research Institute (CLRRI) University of Nebraska, Lincoln International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)
Acknowledgments Canpotex International Pte. Ltd International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA) International Potash Institute (IPI) support for the maize project and the development Nutrient Expert for Hybrid Maize International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI)