Germany
Volume 1 gallon = 3.785 l 1 bushel = 35 l Germany Units US Temperature 32 F = 0 C Length 1 inch = 2.54 cm 1 mile = 1.61 km Area 1 acre = 0.405 ha Weight 1 pound = 0.45 kg
Climate
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Commodity Quantity Value (000 US$) Unit value (US$) 1 Cheese (Whole Cow Milk) Mt 502863 2491065 4954 2 Wine Mt 130425 2286155 1753 3 Food Prepared nes Mt 5570376 1881887 3378 4 Coffee, Green Mt 959041 1223388 1276 5 Soybeans Mt 371923 1129566 304 6 Pastry Mt 3598685 1072048 2979 7 Chocolate Products nes Mt 273044 1054911 3864 8 Tobacco Leaves Mt 240917 1022346 4244 9 Fruit Prepared nes Mt 787409 988664 1256 10 Pigmeat Mt 492254 961731 1954 11 Bananas Mt 117449 886837 755 12 Beverages Dist Alcoholic Mt 1998272 846263 4235 13 Pork Mt 350211 837028 2390 14 Tomatoes Mt 660792 794181 1202 15 Cake of Soya Beans Mt 278204 718916 258 16 Beef and Veal,Boneless Mt 2 119607 622374 5203 17 Pet Food Mt 554288 617972 1115 18 Apples Mt 736256 595827 809 19 Chillies&Peppers, Green Mt 282179 560940 1988 20 Chicken Meat Mt 226439 555382 2453 FAO German Import 200
Commodity Quantity Value (000 US$) Unit value (US$) 1 Cheese (Whole Cow Milk) Mt 686451 2416973 3521 2 Cigarettes Mt 153771 2284239 14855 3 Pastry Mt 617584 1939244 3140 4 Chocolate Products nes Mt 488006 1879085 3851 5 Food Prepared nes Mt 591727 1836664 3104 6 Beer of Barley Mt 1354499 1061175 783 7 Cow Milk, Whole, Fresh Mt 2040264 920421 451 8 Beverages Non-Alcoholic Mt 1575440 909251 577 9 Pigmeat Mt 343930 774241 2251 10 Wheat Mt 3926949 709311 181 11 Beef and Veal Mt 210295 697172 3315 12 Beef and Veal,Boneless Mt 163821 658660 4021 13 Pork Mt 279115 651215 2333 14 Sugar Confectionery Mt 193305 604882 3129 15 Wine Mt 271316 592425 2184 16 Dry Skim Cow Milk Mt 244887 581224 2373 17 Food Wastes Mt 1114952 515617 462 18 Coffee Extracts Mt 58360 509630 8733 19 Sugar Refined Mt 1053548 504763 479 20 Beverages Dist Alcoholic Mt 98640 484369 4910 FAO German Export 200
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Plant Production 850-1950
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Acreage of maize cultivation in Germany thousand ha 1,4 1,2 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 grain maize potato clover, alfalfa forage maize turnip 0,0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 Year AEM APZ Kap 7 18
G
Breeding objectives silage maize Quality energy concentration feeding value: ear : stover ratio stover digestability dry matter concentration enhances intake AEM APZ Kap 7 20
Breeding objectives in maize Source: Beschreibende Sortenliste (1999), BSA AEM APZ Kap 7 21
Yield improvement - example: U.S. maize Breeding vs. Cultivation Source -%- 63 87 Schuster 1982 71 29 Duisk 1984 79 21 Russel 1984 AEM APZ 01 22 Source: Lamkey and Edwards (1998)
Yield improvement - example: winter wheat in Germany q/ha 70 60 50 40 30 20 Breeding vs. Cultivation Source -%- 51 49 Jensen 1978 60 40 Silvey 1978 38 62 Schuster et al. 1982 50 50 Schmidt 1984 55 45 Kuhr et al. 1985 Mean 51 49 Improved varieties and cultivation practices resulted in a yield increase of 380 % over a century 10 0 Time period AEM APZ 01 23 1881-1885 1898-1902 1909-1913 1924-1928 1935-1938 1949-1951 1964-1966 1973-1975 1985-1987 1988-1990 1991-1995
Yields of winter wheat in Germany from 1950-1990: joint action of breeding and cultivation practices 75 70 65 60 Phases of development: Yield (q/ha) 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 AEM APZ 01 24 Source: Fischbeck, (1995) Varieties Varieties Fertilizer Fertilizer Growth regulator Varieties Fertilizer Growth regulator Fungicides
Comparison of old and new wheat varieties 160 140 27% Wheat 44% Wheat Spelt (1960) (1990) Harvest index 0.30-0.35 0.40-0.60 0.20-0.30 41% 44% Biomass (q/ha) 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Seeds Straw Organic waste Roots 20 40 AEM APZ 01 25 Tasilo (1930-1960) Schernauer (1954-1960) Caribo (1962-1980) Kronjuwel (1980-1995) Sources: Fischbeck (1985) Kübler (1994) 140-179 219-290 N uptake (kg/ha)
Quality improvement - example: baking quality AEM APZ 01 26
Quality improvement - example: baking quality Variation in baking quality is strongly influenced by amount and composition certain proteins Storage proteins 80% SDS-PAGE electrophoresis Presence of certain bands is important for baking quality and can be used for selection (=) biochemical markers AEM APZ 01 27 HMW-GS LMW-GS Gliadins viscosity 20 : 80 Glutenins elasticity viscosity Source: LBP, Bayerische Landesanstalt für Bodenkultur und Pflanzenbau Functional and other proteins 20%
Rye: A population variety
Breeding of line cultivars example: barley AEM APZ04 29
AEM APZ04 30 Malting quality
Barley production in Germany Area total (mill. ha): 2.2 Production total (mill. t): 12.1 Production t/ha: 5.3 (spring forms: yield 10-15 % less) AEM APZ04 31 Winter barley Spring barley
Quality improvement - example: rapeseed Product Problem Selection E G Current varieties Rape oil 55 % 1 Mutant without 0 Eruic acid eruic acid Rape cake Glucosin- Polish variety olates 2 with low % G 0 + = 00 Canola 1 : damages the heart muscle and causes other health problems AEM APZ 01 32 2 : causes toxic metabolites, bad feed conversion and health problems
Source: FAO Yearbooks Acreage of rapeseed Year in 1000 ha GB BRD FR CANADA 1965 1 47 107 306 1977 36 101 304 1250 1988 332 347 616 2942 2000 542 1201 1369 5564 AEM APZ 01 33
Reduction of labor - example: sugar beet Labor requirements in sugar beet production: 1950: 400 man hours per ha 2000: >30 man hours per ha AEM APZ 01 34
Quality improvement - example: sugar beet 2 % 1788 1820 Mass selection based on individual plants 1856 L. de Vilmorin introduces progeny testing 1890 Refractometer used for large-scale assay of sugar AEM APZ 01 35 6 % 10 % 12 % Sugar content in sugar beet 15 % 18 % 18 % 1818 1858 1878 1898 1918 1990 1747 A.S. Marggraf, physicist, demonstrated the presence of sugar in mangel (= Mangold) and red beet 1787 F.C. Achard starts selection for sugar content; his base material: mangel x beet weiße schlesische Zuckerrübe content Example of an industrialized crop
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