Do Now Take out your activity you completed on Friday when I wasn t here!
Biogeochemical Cycles 37.18-37.23
Objectives Identify and describe the flow of nutrients in each biogeochemical cycle Explain the impact that humans have on the biogeochemical cycles
Biogeochemical Cycles Think about it Is there an unlimited supply of energy? Is there an unlimited supply of other elements necessary for survival?
The Basics Each compound (water, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) typically exists in all four parts of the Earth System There are Pools or reservoirs Fluxes in and out of pools Chemical or biochemical transformations Transformations are important and can lead to positive & negative
Biogeochemical Cycles - Include both biotic and abiotic factors - Abiotic reservoirs: chemical accumulates or is stockpiled outside of a living organism. - Ex: The atmosphere is an abiotic reservoir for carbon.
General cycling - Producers acquire the chemicals from abiotic reservoirs - Consumers eat the producers and incorporate the chemicals into their own bodies. - Producers and consumers release some of the chemicals back into the environment via waste products
General cycling (cont.) Consumers Producers Decomposers Nutrients available to producers Abiotic reservoir - Decomposers help to break down the complex molecules into their basic components and release it back to the abiotic reservoirs. (geologic processes add to this as well) - Producers then use the raw materials
Water Cycle
Lets Brainstorm Why is water important? Where do you get your water from? How does it get there? How do plants get water?
Water Reservoirs Oceans, lakes, glaciers, ice caps The atmosphere
Water Fluxes There are 2 processes that transfer water from the hydrosphere/biosphere to the atmosphere. 1. 2. Evaporation: liquid Vapor (90%) Transpiration: liquid vapor (10%) a. **evaporation from plant leaves
Water Fluxes 3. Condensation:vapor liquid 4. Precipitation: liquid (atmosphere) liquid (hydrosphere/geosphere) 75% of precipitation falls into earth s bodies of water 25% of precipitation becomes runoff or groundwater
Water Cycle
The Carbon Cycle What are the reservoirs and fluxes for the carbon cycle? Let s play a little game to find out!
Carbon Cycle Game You and a partner will each have a di. You will roll the di to determine which number you will follow on the activity card. You will then record this on your sheet. By the end of this activity you should have a good idea of what the reservoirs and fluxes are of the cycle and should demonstrate this knowledge by creating your own concept map.
Lets Review the Carbon Cycle Reservoirs: Atmosphere. Terrestrial biosphere. Oceans Rocks (fossil fuels)** Soils
Carbon Influx 1. Photosynthesis: a. Main flux mechanism for carbon to enter the food web
Carbon Influx 2. Oceans: Carbon dissolves into the water Currently takes up a third of the carbon emitted by human activity. However, this is causing the ph of the ocean to lower. Why?
Carbon Cycle -When carbon dioxide is dissolved in oceans: 1. Can bind to H2O to form carbonic acid 2. Bind to calcium to form calcium carbonate
Carbon Cycle -Calcium carbonate are used by many plants and animals to form calcium carbonate shells. -CO2 is decreasing the amount of carbonate ions that they can use to create their shells
Carbon Outflux 1. Cellular Respiration 2. Decomposition by decomposers 3. Combustion of fossil fuels a. What is resulting from this?
Over time... *great article
Do Now - Take out your lab questions
Ocean Acidification
Global Warming Video
CO2 in atmosphere 5 Burning 3 Cellular respiration Photosynthesis 1 Wood and fossil fuels Decomposit ion Higher-level consumers Primary consumers Wastes; death Decomposers (soil microbes) 4 Detritus Plants, algae, cyanobacteria 2 Plant litter; death
Before the Flood Questions - What is a greenhouse gas? List them Why are scientists concerned with them? In what way can YOU specifically affect greenhouse gas emissions?
Before the Flood Discussion Questions - How did you feel about the video in general? - What could you do in your daily life to decrease your carbon footprint? - Why do you think we haven t moved towards better solutions to these problems if we know they exist?
Do Now - Hand in your reaction papers - Go to socrative.com and click on student login. The room number 981663
Water and Carbon Review
Have you ever started a fish tank? - Like all living creatures, fish give off waste products. - These nitrogenous waste products break down into ammonia (NH3), which is highly toxic to most fish. - It s important that this be broken down and recycled in the Nitrogen Cycle.
The Nitrogen Cycle - Nitrogen is required for amino acids, nucleic acids, and is also found in other important molecules like chlorophyl. - The atmosphere is 78% Nitrogen but we aren t able to use it directly like we do with Oxygen and plants do with CO2
Global Nitrogen Reservoirs - Atmosphere (greatest amount) - Rocks and sediments (unavailable) - Terrestrial
Nitrogen Fluxes - Biotic: - Nitrogen Fixation Nitrification Denitrification Assimilation - Abiotic: - Lightening fixation Fossil fuel and biomass burning
Nitrogen Fixation Nitrogen Fixation- atmospheric nitrogen is turned into ammonia for other organisms who cannot directly process pure nitrogen, which most organisms cannot do. Rhizobium bacteria perform this process. It has a mutualistic symbiosis relationship with the plant. *It goes into a plant in other forms after nitrogen fixation and nitrification
Nitrogen Fixation - The bacteria live in nodules found in the roots of the legume family of plants (e.g. beans, peas, and clover)
Nitrification the process in which ammonia or ammonium is converted to nitrites and then nitrates Bacteria perform this process
Nitrites and Nitrates - Nitrosomonas bacteria first convert nitrogen gas to nitrite (NO2-) - Nitrobacter then convert nitrite to nitrate (NO3-), a plant nutrient.
The Dangers of Nitrites for Humans - Humans convert Nitrates into nitrites after consumption. Usually you urinate both nitrate and nitrate out. - Nitrites can react with hemoglobin (the molecule that carries oxygen to your cells) reducing this ability and therefore leading to related issues
Assimilation - Plants incorporate nitrates and ammonia - Consumers then digest these plants converting nitrates into amino acids and nucleic acids.
Nitrogenous Waste After animals eat plants, they excrete waste--or poop. Animal waste and dead leaves also contain the nitrate in them from the plants.
Ammonification The remains of all living things and their waste products are decomposed by microorganisms (fungi and bacteria) in the process of ammonification, which makes ammonia. The nitrogenous waste will soon decay from decomposers Because of this, the waste is turned into ammonia. This ammonia will continue the process.
Lightning Fixation This entire cycle can also take place with the use of lightning Lightning will turn atmospheric nitrogen straight into nitrates This will skip nitrogen fixation and nitrification
Do Now - ACTIVELY Read the algal blooms article and discuss it with a partner (highlight, underline, look up words you don t know, etc.): - Come up with 3 specific questions about the article. - When you are done, trade with a nearby pair and have them try to answer your questions. Be ready to share with the class. -
The Phosphorus Cycle 6 Uplifting of rock 3 Weathering of rock Runoff Phosphates in rock Animals Plants 1 Assimilation Phosphates in solution Phosphates in soil (inorganic) 2 Detritus 5 Rock Precipitated (solid) phosphates Decomposition 4 Decomposers in soil
Phosphorus Cycle -Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals - It is the slowest of the cycles -Important for: 1. Nucleic Acids 2. Phospholipids 3. Teeth and bones -No gaseous state = No atmospheric component May travel through atmosphere as particles!
Phosphorus Reservoirs 1. Sediments a. Primary Reservoir 2. Ocean 3. Soil
Phosphorus Fluxes 1. Weathering: a. Removes phosphates from rocks b. Distributed throughout both soils and water 2. Assimilation: a. Plants uptake phosphate ions through their roots. 3. Consumption: a. Plants are consumed by animals
Phosphorus Fluxes Returned by: 1. Excretion from animals a. Urine or feces 2. Decomposition of dead plants and animals
Phosphorus Cycle -Phosphorus in aquatic ecosystems tend to settle to the bottom and incorporate into new rocks. This phosphorus does not cycle back into living organisms. - Only when geologic processes uplift the rocks and expose them to weathering can it reenter the cycle -Excessive amounts of phosphorus is considered to be a pollutant in water. Why?
Eutrophication Occurs when fertilizers, animal waste, sewage, or other nitrogen/phosphorous rich compounds flow into waterways, causing extensive algae growth. Algae use the oxygen supply during their rapid growth, thus causing organisms in the water to suffocate Algae can also release toxins Human activities have accelerated the rate
Eutrophication Video
Let s Review!!