27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 1 PV Technologies - State of the Art Arnulf Jäger-Waldau European Commission, DG JRC, Ispra Institute for Energy Renewable Energy Unit
27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 2 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions
Solar Energy Conversion 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 3 Fuel Electricity Light C 2 O Sugar Fuels SC Electricity e H 2 O O 2 H 2 sc SC O 2 Photosynthesis H 2 O Semiconductor/Liquid Junctions e.g. Photovoltaics Courtesy: N. Lewis, CalTec
Solar Electricity Generation 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 4 CSP: Concentrated Solar Thermal Power Generation of Steam with Solar Power and then conversion with Steam Turbine to Electricity Possibility of Co-Generation with fossil fuel Possibility of Heat Storage for extended operation PV: Photovoltaics Direct conversion of solar power into electricity No moving parts Electricity has to be stored or converted into a storable medium, e.g. pumped water storage, Hydrogen
PV: PhotoVoltaics 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 5 Source: Sharp Corp.
Relative Spectral Response Spectral Response 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 6 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 Wavelength [nm] Irradiance [W/m 2 ]
27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 7 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions
PV electricity potential 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 8 Yearly sum of Global Irradiation (kwh/m 2 ) Yearly sum of Solar Electricity generated by 1kWpsystem (kwh/kwp) optimally-inclined modules
/MWh Electricity Market Prices in Southern Italy and Solar Irradiation W/m2 /MWh W/m2 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 9 180 160 180 Unweigted Prices November 2007 Unweigted Prices June 2008 1400 Unweigted Prices November 2004 Unweigted Prices June 2004 Average Daily Irradiation November 160 Average Daily Irradiation June 1400 140 1200 140 1200 120 1000 120 1000 100 800 100 800 80 80 600 600 60 60 400 400 40 40 20 200 20 200 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 0 Hours Hours Electricity market prices (IPEX by Gestore Mercato Elettrico: bars; /MWh) versus global irradiance (HelioClim-2: red line; W/m 2 )
27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 10 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions
Manufacturing of Silicon Solar Cells and Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 11
Ribbon Silicon 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 12 Molten silicon String ribbons Crucible
Different Thin Film Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 13
Multi-junction Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 14
Multi-junction Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 15 Contact Top Cell GaAs n-type AlInP n-type GaInP n-type GaInP p-type AlGaInP p-type Middle Cell Tunnel Junction GaAs n-type GaAs p-type GaInP p-type GaAs n-type Ge n-type Ge p-type Tunnel Junction Bottom Cell
Concentration Technologies 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 16
Tracking and Concentration 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 17
Efficiency of Solar Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 18 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008
Efficiency of Solar Modules 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 19 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008
Possible Efficiencies of Thin Films 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 20 Source: Bolko von Roedern and Harin S. Ullal, NREL, 2008
Efficiency, % Which Efficiency for Which Cost 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 21 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Glass 0.10 / Wp 0.20 / Wp 0.50 / Wp 2 3 1: Crystalline Silicon 2: Thin Films 3: Beyond Horizon 0 100 200 300 400 500 Cost, /m² 1 Thermodynamic Limit 1.00 / Wp 3.50 / Wp Courtesy: M. Green, UNSW
27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 22 Solar Energy Conversion to Electricity Solar Potential Photovoltaic Technologies Conclusions
Conclusions 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano 23 Photovoltaic Electricity in Europe and the Mediterranean region is already very attractive, notably in peak load times High PV potential still untapped Southern Europe and the Mediterranean region A range of technologies is available, which is important to have no showstoppers Future Research and Development work is necessary to provide technology solutions Markets have to be developed further to provide the necessary growth for further cost reduction
Photo by Steve Locke 27/05/2009 Sunrise WS, Milano Thank you for your attention! 24