MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF SMALL WATERSHED HYDROLOGY AND APPLICATIONS Edited by VijayP. Singh Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-6505 U.S.A. Donald Frevert Technical Services Center, U. S. Bureau of Reclamation Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225-0007 U.S.A. Since 1971' WRP Water Resources Publications, LLC
TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER DEDICATION PREFACE CONTRIBUTORS PAGE 1. WATERSHED HYDROLOGY MODELS AND APPLICATIONS ~ V.P. Singh andd. K. Frevert 1 ABSTRACT 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.2. OBJECTIVES 2 1.3. CRITERIA FOR MODEL SELECTION 2 1.4. ORGANIZATION OF THE BOOK 3 SECTION 1: DISTRIBUTED MODELS 5 2. THE DISTRIBUTED HYDROLOGY SOIL VEGETATION MODEL -M.S. Wigmosta, B. Nijssen, and P. Storck 7 ABSTRACT 7 2.1. INTRODUCTION 7 2.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION 9 2.3. EVAPOTRANSPIRATION 12 2.4. TWO-LAYER GROUND SNOWPACK MODEL 18 2.5. CANOPY SNOW INTERCEPTION AND RELEASE 21 2.6. UNSATURATED SOIL MOISTURE MOVEMENT 24 2.7. SATURATED SUBSURFACE FLOW '... 27 2.8. OVERLAND FLOW 29 2.9. CHANNEL FLOW 30 2.10. MODEL EVALUATION AND APPLICATIONS 31 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 38 REFERENCES 39 3. SHETRAN: PHYSICALLY-BASED DISTRIBUTED RIVER BASIN MODELLING SYSTEM ~ J. EWEN, J. BATHURST, G. PARKIN, E. O'CONNELL, S. BIRKINSHAW, R. ADAMS, R. HILEY, C. KILSBY, AND A. BURTON 43 ABSTRACT 43 xiii v vii ix
3.1. INTRODUCTION 43 3.2. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS 51 3.3. RECENT APPLICATIONS 59 3.4. RESEARCH ISSUES 61 REFERENCES 66 4. CASC2D: A TWO-DIMENSIONAL, PHYSICALLY- BASED, HORTONIAN HYDROLOGIC MODEL ~ F.L. Ogden andp.y. Mien 69 ABSTRACT 69 4.1. INTRODUCTION 70 4.2. MODEL DEVELOPMENT HISTORY 71 4.3. MODEL FORMULATION 73 4.4. MODEL PERFORMANCE 97 4.5. MODEL OUTPUT 104 4.6. MODEL INTERFACE 105 4.7. FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS 107 4.8. MODEL AVAILABILITY 107 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 108 REFERENCES 108 5. DWSM - A DYNAMIC WATERSHED SIMULATION MODEL ~D.K. Borah, R. Xia, and M. Bera 113 5.1. INTRODUCTION 113 5.2. HYDROLOGIC MODEL FORMULATIONS 115 5.3. SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT MODEL FORMULATIONS 129 5.4. NUTRIENT AND PESTICIDE TRANSPORT MODEL FORMULATIONS 136. 5.5. EXAMPLES OF DWSM APPLICATIONS 145 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 163 ^REFERENCES 163 6. NUMERICAL MODEL OF SURFACE RUNOFF, INFILTRATION, RIVER DISCHARGE AND GROUND WATER FLOW - S1RG ~D.H. Yoo 167 ABSTRACT 167 6.1. INTRODUCTION 167 6.2. SURFACE RUNOFF 168 6.3. INFILTRATION 172 6.4. RIVER DISCHARGE 173 6.5. GROUNDWATER FLOW 175 6.6. APPLICATION 176 CONCLUSION 181 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 181 REFERENCES 181 xiv
7. MODULAR KINEMATIC MODEL FOR RUNOFF SIMULATION ~ D. Stephenson 183 ABSTRACT 183 7.L INTRODUCTION 183 7.2. SUB-CATCHMENT ARRANGEMENT 184 7.3. THEORETICAL BASIS 185 7.4. CONTINUOUS SIMULATION 187 7.5. ROUTING PROCESS 188 7.6. MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY 189 7.7. MODULES 190 7.8. CATCHMENT RUNOFF MODEL 193 7.9. BASIS OF MODEL 195 7.10. APPLICATION TO RIVER FLOW PREDICTION 214 REFERENCES 219 SECTION 2: PARAMETRIC MODELS 223 8. WBNM2000 FOR FLOOD STUDIES ON NATURAL AND URBAN CATCHMENTS ~ M. Boyd, T. Rigby, R. Van Drie, and I. Schymitzek 225 ABSTRACT 225 8.1. INTRODUCTION 226 8.2. HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS 227 8.3. NATURAL CATCHMENTS 228 8.4. URBAN AND PART-URBAN CATCHMENTS 238 8.5. HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 244 8.6. STORM DETAILS 249 8.7. WBNM2000 SOFTWARE PACKAGE 251 CONCLUSIONS 255 REFERENCES 256 9. A GEOMORPHOLOGY-BASED HYDROLOGICAL MODEL AND ITS APPLICATIONS ~ D. Yang, T. Oki, S. Herath, and K. Musiake 259 ABSTRACT 259 9.1. INTRODUCTION 259 9.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE GEOMORPHOLOGY-BASED HYDROLOGICAL MODEL (GBHM) 262 9.3. THE MODEL STRUCTURE OF GBHM 265 9.4. DESCRIPTION OF HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES 269 9.5. THE FLOW INTERVAL-HILLSLOPE SCHEME IN LARGE CATCHMENTS 273 xv
9.6. APPLICATION TO THE SEKI RIVER BASIN IN JAPAN AND COMPARISION WITH MIKE SHE AND TOPMODEL 273 9.7. HYDROLOGICAL SIMULATIONS BY THE GBHM AND ANALYSIS OF CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS 275 9.8. APPLICATIONS OF MIKE SHE AND TOPMODEL TO THE SEKI RIVER BASIN 278 9.9. COMPARISON AMONG THE THREE MODELS 281 9.10. APPLICATION TO A LARGE TROPIC CATCHMENT IN THAILAND.- 286 9.11. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 291 CONCLUSION 296 REFERENCES 297 10. PARCHED-THIRST: AN AGROHYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR PLANNING RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMSIN SEMI-ARID AREAS ~ G.C.L. Wyseure, J. W. Gowing, and M.D.B. Young 301 ABSTRACT 301 10.1. INTRODUCTION 302 10.2. HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES RELEVANT TO RAINWATER HARVESTING 304 10.3. MODELLING RWH 306 10.4. DATA REQUIREMENTS FOR A RWH-MODEL 311 10.5. HYDROLOGICAL VALIDATION 320 10.6. PLANNING OF RWH BY MEANS OF PARCHED-THIRST 327 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 332 REFERENCES 332 11. APPLICATION AND TESTING OF THE SIMPLE RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL SIMHYD ~ F.H.S. Chiew, M.C. Peel, and A. W. Western 335 ABSTRACT 335 11.1. INTRODUCTION 336 11.2. HYDROLOG AND MODHYDROLOG 336 11.3. SIMHYD 337 11.4. APPLICATION OF SIMHYD 340 11.5. MODELLING RESULTS 346 11.6. MODEL PARAMETERS AND CATCHMENT CHARACTERISTICS 359 CONCLUSIONS 365 REFERENCES 366 xvi
12. PRSM - THE PENN STATE RUNOFF MODEL ~ G. Avon, D.F. Lakatos ande.l. White 369 ABSTRACT 369 12.1. INTRODUCTION 369 12.2. WATERSHED SUBDIVISION 370 12.3. TIME STEPS 371 12.4. DETAILS OF MODELING ROUTINES 372 APPENDIX: MODELING RUN AND OUTPUT 384 13. SCS-CN-BASED HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION PACKAGE ~ S.K. Mishra and V.P. Singh 391 ABSTRACT 391 13.1. INTRODUCTION 391 13.2. A SHORT HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 393 13.3. SCS-CN-BASED MODEL INCORPORATING M AND FC 396 13.4. APPLICATION OF MODELS 412 13.5. HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION 458 CONCLUSION 458 REFERENCES 459 14. SYNHYD: A SYNTHETIC RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODEL -G.Aron 465 ABSTRACT 465 14.1. INTRODUCTION 465 14.2. MODEL DESCRIPTION 466 14.3. UNIT HYDROGRAPH GENERATION 467 14.4. LOSSES AND EFFECTIVE RAINFALL 468 14.5. HYETOGRAPH GENERATION 469 14.6. HYDROGRAPH GENERATION 470 14.7. ROUTING THROUGH STREAMS, PIPES AND RESERVOIRS 470 14.8. HYDROGRAPH COMBINING AND PRINTING 470 14.9. INPUT INSTRUCTIONS 471 APPENDIX: MODELING RUN AND OUTPUT 477 SECTION 3: MONTHLY WATER BALANCE MODELS 481 15. MODELS OF WATER BALANCE IN A SMALL WATERSHED ~ C.S.P. Ojha and V.P. Singh 483 ABSTRACT 483 15.1. INTRODUCTION 483 15.2. GROUND WATER BUDGETING 484 15.3. TYPES OF AQUIFERS 485 xvii
15.4. GROUND WATER FLOW 486 15.5. TYPES OF AQUIFER PARAMETERS 487 15.6. ESTIMATION OF AQUIFER PARAMETERS 495 15.7. COMPUTATION OF GROUND WATER FLOWS 498 15.8. GROUND WATER BALANCE EQUATION 500 15.9. SOIL-MOISTURE BUDGETING 501 15.10. CERTAIN WATER BALANCE STUDIES 504 SUMMARY 505 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 506 REFERENCES 506 NOTATIONS 508 16. TWO-PARAMETER MONTHLY WATER BALANCE MODEL ~ Shenglian Guo 511 ABSTRACT 511 16.1. INTRODUCTION 511 16.2. REVIEW OF MONTHLY WATER BALANCE MODELS 513 16.3. TWO-PARAMETER MONTHLY WATER MODEL 520 16.4. MODEL TESTING AND PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION 522 16.5. APPLICATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 524 16.6. COMPARASON WITH OTHERS WATER BALANCE MODELS 532 16.7. APPLICATION TO MACRO-SCALE BASINS 534 16.8. THE SIMULATION RESULTS 542 16.9. EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES IN CHINA 543 16.10. GCM MODEL OUTPUT AND HYPOTHETICAL SCENARIOS 545 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION 551 REFERENCES 551 17. - WASMOD - THE WATER AND SNOW BALANCE MODELING SYSTEM ~ Chong-yu Xu 555 ABSTRACT 555 17.1. INTRODUCTION 555 17.2. MODEL STRUCTURE 556 17.3. MODEL EQUATIONS 557 17.4. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS 566 17.5. CASE STUDIES 573 17.6. MAIN APPLICATION FIELDS OF THE WASMOD SYSTEM 584 17.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 587 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: 587 REFERENCES 587 XVIll
SECTION 4: REAL-TIME FLOW FORECASTING MODELS 591 18. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL MODELS FOR REAL TIME RAINFALL AND FLOW FORECASTING ~ Konstantine P. Georgakakos 593 ABSTRACT 593 18.1. INTRODUCTION 594 18.2. RAINFALL PREDICTION MODEL 597 18.3. SOIL MOISTURE MODEL 606 18.4. CHANNEL FLOW MODEL 610 18.5. STATE ESTIMATOR 615 18.6. SENSITIVITY ANALYSES 624 18.7. CONCLUDING REMARKS 648 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 651 REFERENCES 652 19. NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RIVER FORECAST SYSTEM (NWSRFS) ~ L. Larson 657 ABSTRACT 657 19.1. INTRODUCTION 657 19.2. HYDROLOGIC MODELING IN THE NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE 670 19.3. INTERACTIVE FORECAST PROGRAM (IFP) 685 19.4. NWSRFS MODEL CALIBRATION PROCEDURES 688 19.5. ROUTING MODELS IN NWSRFS 697 19.6. ENSEMBLE STREAMFLOW PREDICTION (ESP) 700 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 702 REFERENCES 703 SECTION 5: ENVIRONMENTAL MODELS 705 20. STOCHASTIC EVENT FLOOD MODEL (SEFM) ~ M. G. Schaefer, Ph.D. P.E and B.L. Barker, P.E. 707 ABSTRACT 707 20.1. OVERVIEW 707 20.2. CAPABILITIES OF THE STOCHASTIC MODEL 709 20.3. APPLICABILITY OF THE STOCHASTIC MODEL 711 20.4. DISTRIBUTED RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING 712 20.5. HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL COMPONENTS 715 20.6. SIMULATION PROCEDURE 724 20.7. CURRENT CONFIGURATION OF STOCHASTIC MODEL 729 20.8. SOFTWARE COMPONENTS 729 20.9. APPLICATIONS OF SEFM 734 xix
SUMMARY 744 REFERENCES 745 21. STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS, MODELING, AND SIMULATION (SAMS 2000) ~ J.D. Solas, W.L. Lane, D.K. Frevert 749 ABSTRACT 749 21.1. INTRODUCTION 749 21.2. STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS OF HYDROLOGIC DATA 752 21.3. STOCHASTIC MODELING OF HYDROLOGIC DATA 758 21.4. STOCHASTIC SIMULATION 782 21.5. DESCRIPTION OF SAMS 786 21.6. EXAMPLES 803 REFERENCES 831 22. ANSWERS: A NONPOINT POLLUTION MODEL FOR WATER, SEDIMENT AND POLLUTANT AND NUTRIENT LOSSES ~ F. Bouraoui, I. Braud, and T.A. Dillaha 833 ABSTRACT 833 22.1. INTRODUCTION 833 22.2. WATER AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT 834 22.3. NUTRIENT TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION 843 22.4. DATA REQUIREMENT 853 22.5. MODEL VALIDATION 854 22.6. ON-GOING RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 876 REFERENCES 878 23. CALSM: CONTINUOUS ANNUAL LOAD SIMULATION MODEL ~ A. Pandit 883 ABSTRACT 883 "~ 23.1. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION 883 23.2. EXISTING MODELS 885 23.3. CONTINUOUS AVERAGE-ANNUAL LOAD SIMULATION MODEL (CALSIM) 888 23.4. ESTIMATION OF ASRC UNDER WET-WEATHER CONDITIONS 890 23.5. MODEL CALIBRATION 893 23.6. MODEL VERIFICATION 894 23.7. RESULTS SIMULATED FOR FLORIDA 897 23.8. STATISTICAL RESULTS 901 23.9. EXAMPLES 903 REFERENCES 905 xx
24. THE WATER MANAGEMENT BASIS OF RIOFISH: A MODEL FOR ANALYSIS OF SPORTFISHERY MANAGEMENT POLICY ~ Tim J. Ward, Richard A. Cole, and Susan M. Bolton 907 ABSTRACT 907 24.1. INTRODUCTION 907 24.2. THE RIOFISH FISHERY SYSTEM 910 24.3. GENERAL CRITERIA FOR DEVELOPING THE HYDROLOGIC COMPONENT 915 24.4. HYDROLOGIC COMPONENT MATHEMATICS 916 24.5. CREATION OF SYNTHETIC FLOW FILES 941 SUMMARY 944 REFERENCES 944 SUBJECT INDEX 947 xxi