Energy on this world and elsewhere Instructor: Gordon D. Cates Office: Physics 106a, Phone: (434) 924-4792 email: cates@virginia.edu Course web site available at www.phys.virginia.edu, click on classes and find Physics 1110. or at http://people.virginia.edu/~gdc4k/phys111/fall17/home.html Lecture #12 September 28, 2017
Announcements Read Chapters 6-9 of Smoke and Mirrors (we will read earlier chapters too, if you just want to start at the beginning). First problem set to be posted soon. Reading: Chapter 5 of class notes.
Deep sea drilling
Pre-construction tour Perdido
Putting the spar in place at Perdido
How deep water drilling works
Wildlife on the ocean floor
Oil Shale
Oil Shale
Oil Shale
Oil Shale - another non-conventional source of oil that has yet to be tapped Extremely abundant in the United States. Currently no significant commercial production When heated and separated, the resulting oil is lighter than is the case with tar sands. Extremely high areal density
Oil Shale Roughly 2 trillion of barrels of oil-shale oil in the U.S. Supposedly similar levels of difficulty (or lack thereof) when compared to tar sands. Much much higher areal energy density. That is, energy per acre. Perhaps 500+ billion barrels recoverable - 100 year s worth?
Oil Shale deposits in the U.S. Some argue that as much as 800 billion barrels is technically recoverable at reasonable (if not currently competitive) cost. That is around 150 years at today s rate of domestic consumption.
Oil Shale
Shell s Oil Shale Project Use electrical heaters to make the oil shale into a combination of light oil and gas. In their pilot project, they heated the rock for 3 years! Create a freeze wall to prevent contamination of ground water Area is relatively undisturbed environmentally. After 30 years of experimenting, Shell has the project on hold.
Oil Overview
Crude production by source 2015 Despite the present being 2012, the projection for 2015 is pretty much dead on.
Crude production by source
North America* is essentially oil independent (or was before oil prices plunged - 2015 numbers shown) Total field production 9.41 M bpd Natural Gas Plant Liquids 3.28 M bpd Biofuels 1.08 M bpd Net Imports 4.74 M bpd Additional Imports 4.65 M bpd Refining Processing gains 1.04 M bpd Imports from Canada = 3.74 M bpd Products Supplied Domestically 19.56 M bpd Exports 4.65 M bpd Imports from Mexico = 0.76 M bpd Non-neighbor deficit = 1.2% of products supplied!!!!
Oil reserves by region Crude Oil Reserves 800 746 600 Billion Barrels 400 200 208 123 99 117 0 North merica A 1 Central and South America 14 Europe² Eurasia³ Middle East Africa 34 Asia and ceania O 2
Natural Gas
How natural gas fits into the big picture percent of sources percent of sectors petroleum 1 35.9 (37%) 71 23 5 1 92 3 5 transportation 27.8 (29%) natural gas 2 28.4 (29%) 3 34 27 36 45 6 11 38 74 <1 8 17 industrial 5 21.3 (22%) residential and commercial 6 10.5 (11%) coal 3 14.2 (15%) renewable energy 4 10.2 (10%) nuclear electric power 8.4 (9%) source 8 <1 91 14 100 23 8 55 34 15 22 27 1 electric power 7 37.8 (39%) sector
U.S. natural gas flow, 2016 trillion cubic feet Natural Gas
Natural Gas Diagram 3. Natural Gas Flow, 1996 (Trillion Cubic Feet) Vented and Flared 0.26 Exports 0.15 Additions to Storage 2.87 Balancing Item 0.14 From Gas Wells 17.65 Gross Withdrawals 24.28 Marketed Production 19.95 Total Dry Gas Production 19.02 Consumption 21.99 Residential 5.22 a Industrial 10.04 From Oil Wells 6.63 Repressuring 3.71 Nonhydrocarbon Gases Removed 0.36 Extraction Loss 0.93 Imports 2.84 Supplemental Gaseous Fuels 0.13 Withdrawals from Storage 2.88 b Transportation 0.71
Natural gas use over time Natural gas is definitely the late comer with regard to widespread use.
Sources of natural gas
Marcellus Shale formation The use of hydraulic fracturing to obtain natural gas trapped in rock, such as the Marcellus Shale formation, is resulting in large new increases to our reserves.
Domestic shale gas production by source
Natural gas production by source
U.S. Natural gas production by source With the present being 2012, the projection for 2015 here is about right.
Oil and natural gas proved reserves