Solar Air-Conditioning, Peak Power and Building Efficiency. InterSolar, San Francisco July

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Solar Air-Conditioning, Peak Power and Building Efficiency InterSolar, San Francisco July 14 2011

PAGE 2 Solar Heat & Power 2002-2003

Linear Fresnel Systems PAGE 3

Source: Macquarie Generation http://www.ausramediaroom.com/download/liddelsolarthermal_17nov09_mpeg-4-1280x720.mp4.zip PAGE 4

Two-Axis Tracking Heliostat Systems PAGE 5

CSIRO 2011 Plant PAGE 6

2008 Chromasun Formed PAGE 7

Micro-Concentrator (MCT) And made it 100X smaller! PAGE 8

MCT Exploded View Receiver Pipe (SS 304 A213 Tube) Parallel Mirrors PAGE 9

Competitive Analysis Highest temperature rated solar collector in the USA (179ºC /354ºF) PAGE 10

MCT vs Flat Plates Solar Concentrator Efficiency Flat Plate Collector Efficiency 100% 90% 100% 90% Collector Efficiency [%] 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Collector Efficiency [%] 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 10% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature Difference (Tm Ta) [ C] 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature Difference (Tm Ta) [ C] 100 200 300 400 500 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 600 700 800 900 1000 PAGE 11

Chromasun s Global Approach to Testing PAGE 12

Santa Clara University Showcase Project PAGE 13

Chromasun MCT Simple Installation PAGE 14

SCU Benson System Schematic PAGE 16

SCU Solar Monitoring Solar Monitoring Equipment Thermal/BTU Metering PAGE 17

SCU Performance PAGE 18

US Commercial Building Energy Consumption PAGE 19

Market Niche PAGE 20

Air-conditioning driving peak demand Air-conditioning is driving summer peaking electricity and the growth in electricity PAGE 21

Time of Day Peaking correlates well with Solar Resource There is strong correlation between when electricity is peaking and the solar resource. Utilities value the energy greater during these times PAGE 22

Load duration curve 2008/09 200X the price!!! Source: Energex PAGE 23

CHW and CW with Solar Thermal Panels Sunlight 1 @ 175ºC / 350ºF and/or Natural Gas HHW MCT Panels 1.35 @ 7ºC / 44ºF CHW 2.35 @ 30ºC / 85ºF CW Cool Building DE Multi-Fire Absorption Chiller Heat Rejection PAGE 24

Roof Area Utilization An MCT array in conjunction with a two-stage absorption chiller is best in class for rooftop area utilization PAGE 25

Energy Demand Schedule PAGE 26

Solar Cooling System Schematic PAGE 27

CHW and DHW with Solar Thermal Panels Sunlight 1 @ 115ºC / 240ºF and/or Natural Gas HHW MCT Panels 0.6 @ 7ºC /44ºF CHW 1.6 @ 54ºC /130ºF DHW Cool Building NH3 Multi-Fire Absorption Chiller Hot Water PAGE 28

Rooftop solar energy yields for the building 400 350 Best building energy outcome! BTU/square feet roof area 300 250 200 150 100 CHW DHW 50 0 Flat Plate DHW Flat Plate CHW Photovoltaic CHW Solar technology type MCT CHW MCT DHW + CHW 1000W/global, 850W/DNI solar resource PAGE 29

Energy Storage for Solar Cooling 75gals/280L of water would provide enough sensible heat to offset 1kWh of electricity 60lbs/120kg (300gal 80L) of Phase Change Material (Salt) would also store 1kWh at $25- $50/kWh PAGE 30

Desiccant Cooling PAGE 31

Traditional Cooling cause that s how we ve always done it Temp 65ºF/ 18ºC 44ºF/ 7ºC Over-chilling by electrical vapor compression SENSIBLE + LATENT Summer Boiler Humidity removal by condensation PAGE 32

Latent Heat Removal with Desiccants LATENT 65ºF/ 18ºC SENSIBLE Temp Humidity removal by desiccant (solid or liquid) that can then be regenerated by solar thermal Significantly reduced net chilling by electrical vapor compression and no lover over-chilling PAGE 33

CHW and DHW with Solar Thermal Panels 1Q @ 120ºC NH3 Absorption Chiller MCT Panels HHW Hot Water 1.6Q @ 54ºC 0.6Q @ 7ºC CHW Cool Dry Air Dry Air Hot Humid Air Cool Building Sensible Cooling Latent Cooling PAGE 34

Opportunity Summary Three market segments identified for Chromasun MCT product Segment A Process Heat Applications Hot Water Heating Hot Water Steam Large market Existing Solar Channel Partners Segment B Solar Heat Pump Applications Chilled Water Hot Water Undeveloped market Inexperienced Channel Partners Segment C Hybrid Applications Electricity Hot Water Desiccant Cooling Unknown market Existing Solar Channel Partners PAGE 35

AM 1.5 Solar Spectrum PV Capture <50% PAGE 36

AM 1.5 Solar Spectrum - Unharnessed <50% PAGE 37

Flat Plate PV-T PVT Solar / Echo Wiosun Solimpeks PAGE 38

Linear Concentrating PV-T Absolicon Cogenra Menova Euclides PAGE 39

Two-Axis Tracking PV-T Solergy Zenith Solar PAGE 40

Hybrid PV-Thermal Performance PAGE 41

Australian National University CHAPS (2004) PAGE 42

Hybrid-MCT (PV + Thermal) Concentrating PV receiver option for Electrical and Thermal Output (<90ºC) Thermal Energy Capture 1/10 th the amount of silicon 15% PV + 50% Thermal = 65% Total Yield Diffuse Light is available for Day-lighting PAGE 43

MCT-Hybrid Efficiency Flat Plate Collector Efficiency 100% 90% Collector Efficiency [%] 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Temperature Difference (Tm Ta) [ C] 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 PAGE 44

Shared Integration Cost Thermal Installation Cost PV Technology cost is <<50% of the total system cost so coupling the installation of PV and Thermal together reduces the total installed cost ($/W) and ultimately LCOE PAGE 45

High Temperature PV-Thermal In 2010, Chromasun won a $3.2M Grant in conjunction with the CSIRO, ANU and UNSW to develop high temperature hybrid (150ºC/300ºF) As the price of dual-junction cells drop, we will also be able to integrate these without (30% efficiency) PAGE 46

Rooftop Real Estate Grab Technologies vying for a space on the rooftop: Solar PV Solar Thermal Day-Lighting / Sky-Lights PAGE 47

Day-lighting MCT PAGE 48

Shared Integration Cost Thermal Installation Cost PV Daylighting Integration cost could further be shared with the installation cost allocated for day-lighting PAGE 49

MCT Day-Lighting PAGE 50

Thermal PPA s $1.80 $1.60 $1.40 $1.20 $1.00 $0.80 $0.60 $0.40 $0.20 $- Feb-1982 Apr-1984 Jul-1986 Sep-1988 Nov-1990 Jan-1993 Apr-1995 Jun-1997 Aug-1999 Nov-2001 Jan-2004 Mar-2006 Jun-2008 Aug-2010 Oct-2012 Historical Natural Gas Price 9.5% $/therm PAGE 51? 30% Federal ITC 100% Bonus Depreciation CSI Thermal Rebate

Chromasun 10MW / Annum San Jose facility PAGE 52

Solar Thermal Summary The niche is a lot bigger than people realize Solar thermal has the ability to offset twice as CO 2 than PV Thermal Energy Storage can be used cost effectively to offset electricity and assist in the reduction of peaking electricity Hybrid PV-Thermal collectors are emerging that will enable both heat and electricity to be supplied to the building envelope from one product Concentrating Hybrid PV-Thermal products enable the delivery of useful heat PAGE 53

Solar Cooling Summary Solar resource and maximum solar thermal output correlates extremely well with peaking electricity Double-Effect absorption chilling using concentrating solar is the most space efficient way to cool a building on a rooftop Solar thermal also has a heat pump option Solar thermal paired with a heat pump can produce more than twice the energy than any other solar configuration and also is effectively a 160% boiler able to be co-fired on gas Desiccant cooling is an effective way to eliminate overcooling and reheat as well as also reducing the net amount of sensible cooling done by traditional chillers PAGE 54

MCT Product Summary Chromasun MCT is based on existing CSP technology and over a decade of experience in large-scale solar Concentrating the sun s energy enables the MCT to consistently deliver up to 200ºC (400ºF) on the rooftop SRCC Certified MCT has flat glass and no externally moving parts, reducing O&M The delivery of higher grade heat enables compatibility with absorption chillers and thermally driven heat pumps Hybrid MCT to be showcased in Q4 2011 Project financing available through Chromasun Company has only burnt $2.5M in funding in 3 years of product development. Targeting $10-12M funding round in Q3/Q4 PAGE 55

THANK YOU +1 650 644 9177 andrew@chromasun.com