Persistent Toxic Substances Contamination of the European Region Brno, November 10. -12. 2003. Croatian National POPs inventory Goran Romac
POPs PROJECT Enabling Activities to Facilitate Early Action in the Implementation of the Stockholm Convention on Persistant Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the Republic of Croatia
POPs inventory phase: February - September, 2003 Task teams: PCB Pesticide Emissions (PCDD/PCDF) Levels and sources in environment
PCB Production of PCB never present in Croatia in former Yugoslavia production was in Slovenia (1 company) and Serbia (2 companies). Export and Import of PCB Co-operation with Customs Service and Chamber of Economy Import of equipment and liquid PCB is present Export of PCB is not present - only PCB waste
Import of PCB 60 50 Import of liquid PCB (t)* 40 30 20 10 0 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Export of PCB waste 70 60 50 Export of PCB waste PCB (t) 40 30 20 10 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
PCB Equipment Data base was formed with co-operation of MoEPPP for over 400 companies. TOTAL NUMBER OF CAPACITORS AND TRANSFORMERS CONTAINING PCB IN CROATIA Condition Function Broken Back up NA TOTAL CAPASITORS 20353 1529 762 107 22859 TRANSFORMERS 289 0 15 0 304
Condition of capacitors in Croatia 90% function broken back up not available 7% <1% 3%
Production year of capacitors 30.6% 15.2% 11.9% 1.1% 34.1% 7.1% 1976-1980 < 1970 1971-1975 1981-1985 1986-1990 N.A.
Condition of transformers in Croatia function back up 95% 5%
Production year of transformers 22.4% 6.9% 5.9% 22.4% 11.2% 0.7% < 1970 > 1990 1971-1975 1976-1980 1981-1985 1986-1990 N.A. 30.6%
PCDD/PCDF Inventory Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxin and Furan Releases UNEP - 2003
No. Main categories of PCDD/PCDF sources Annual release of PCDD/PCDF(g TEQ/year) air water soil products waste 1 Waste Incineration 1.4 3,6 2 Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Metal Production 3.1?? 22,3 3 Power Generation and Heating 4 Production of Mineral Products 105.7? 20,6 2.3 0,01? 5 Transport 0.9 6 Uncontrolled Combustion Processes 7 Production and Use of Chemicals and Consumer Goods 2.2? 1,7? 0.1 0,002? 0,8 0,3? 8 Miscellaneous 0.001??? 9 Disposal??? 2,7 1-9 Total 115.7? 0,002? 1,7? 0,8? 49,5?
* only medians given; an empty field indicates that the release route is considered to be insignificant? indicates that the release route may be significant, but no emission factors or activity data were available? behind a number indicates that the number may be underestimated as some subcategories have not been quantified
PCDD/PCDF emissions into the air for 2001 uncontrolled combustion 2% transport 1% incineration 1% metal production 3% production of min. products 2% power generation & heating 91%
POPs pesticides Due to the period of production and application of POPs in Croatia: POPs never used in Croatia (mirex) POPs produced and used in large quantities (DDT, HCB, Chlordane, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Toxaphene) POPs which usage was banned recently (Lindane)
ACTIVE INGREDIENT PERMISION SINCE YEAR BANNED IN YEAR HCB 1962. 11. 7. 1980. toxafen 1957. 27. 4. 1982. Endrin 1957. (From 1971. only as a rodenticide) 29. 5. 1989. Aldrin 1958. 1972.* Dieldrin 1958. 1972.* Heptachlor 1956. 7/1973.* Hexaklorciklohexan (HCH) 1944. 1972.* DDT 1944. In agriculture 1972.* Lindan 1944. July 2001. Mirex Not registered in Republic of Croatia Dicofol 1949. 2001.
Production of pesticides production of DDT (1950-1968) - Chromos Agro in Zagreb 10 tonnes/year in former Yugoslavia production in Macedonia/Serbia today no production/synthesis in Croatia Export/Import of pesticide Export is not present - no production Croatia is importing non POPs pesticide
Pesticide Waste/Stocks: From 1998-2002 1683 kg of DDT and 3497 kg of pesticide packaging was incinerated (Croatian Forest stocks) some Lindane stock existing - still being used in agriculture Consumption of POPs pesticide in Croatia curently there is no consumption/usage of POPs pesticide
Levels of POPs in food, environment and in humans Levels of POPs in food of animal origin plant origin
Organochlorine compound levels (mean value, µg kg 1 of fat, and for fish µg kg 1 wet weight) in food samples. The number of analysed samples is stated in brackets Fish and fish products -1986/89 (153) - 1999 (46) Meat and meat products - 1986/89 (733) - 1999 (80) Milk and milk products - 1986/89 (438) - 1999 (52) HCB α-hcb γ-hcb 5 0.1 3 0 7 1 2 0.1 2 1 3 1 25 0.5 25 6 24 6 DDT complex 127 4.7 75 62 83 35 The levels of all compounds and in all types of food have decreased during 10 years.
Levels of OC pesticides (µg kg 1 wet weight) in chicken eggs analysed in 2000 *µg kg 1 of fat N = number of samples HCB LINDANE TOTAL DDT Mean value (N) Range Mean value (N) Poultry farms 0 (14) 0.-0.1 0.2 (14) 4* Individual 0.2 (20) 0-0.5 0.1 (20) households 2* Range Mean value (N) 0-0.8 0.7 (14) 10* 0-0.4 8.7 (18) 112* Range 0-1,8 1.7-30.4 Highest levels for total DDT. Higher levels are present in eggs from individual households.
Lindane residues (µg kg -1 ) in cereals and cereal products in the period of 1984 to 2002. YEAR CEREALS FLOUR CEREAL PRODUCTS Maximum Maximum Maximum 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2 6 11 16 2 8 10 1 14 2 5 1 1 3 1 1 <1 4 3 7 2 4 44 17 8 7 2 15 5 5 6 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 6 6 12 26 14 11 18 22 16 8 8 6 7 9 6 3 2 2 8 MPC is 100 (µg kg -1 )
Samples of animal origin few data on levels of POPs in animal samples (birds, dolphin) Seagull -eggs (µg( g kg -1 w.w.) Griffon vulture -liver (mg( kg -1 fat) -blood (µg( g L - 1 blood) Dolphin (mg kg -1 fat) - fat - muscles - liver OCP 1-11201120 33-109 0-6,75 0,024-3,871 0,006-3,249 0.043-1,783 PCB 998-27610 501 0 17,383 6,537 6,148 detected levels are usual in a birds
Levels in air PCDD/PCDFs (fg I-TEQ/m 3 ) in Zagreb air from 1997.-2000. 1997 1997 1998 1998 1998 1999 2000 2000 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Đorđićeva Ksaver Jakuševec PUTO Žitnjak
Levels (ng/g dry needles) of HCB and DDE from 1992. and 2000. 3 2 1 1992 HCB 2000 HCB 1992 DDE 2000 DDE 0 Križišće Dobrinj Punat Omišalj Baška Decreasing trend
PCB levels in river and drinking water (ng dm -3 )and in river sediment (µg kg -1 of dry sample) Sample (N) River waters Sava (7) Kupa (22) Kupa (6) Kupa (24) Drava (8) Cetina (7) Jadro (7) River sediments Kupa (6) Jadro (8) Cetina (18) Drinking waters (Karst sources before treatment Labin Pula Buzet Drinking waters (after treatment) Zagreb (10) Sisak (16) Labin (10) Sampling period 1992/95 1985 1985/86 1988/89 1981/82 1993/94 1993/94 1985/86 1993/94 1993/94 1980/90 1980/90 1980/90 1988 1988/89 1989 Range of concentration <1 25 <1 52 2 16 <1 8 <1 7 2 8 3 13 1 39 2 507 <1 7 2-48 4 176 4 50 <1-5 <1-5 <1-3 near industry area
PCBs concentrations determined in serum were higher than the levels in our general population. They however did not reach levels at which the acute symptoms of intoxication were manifested due to the high absorption. Levels (median; µg kg -1 ) of PCB congeners in blood serum of general population and of exposed workers PCB congener General population Exposed workers 1995 (N=14) 1997 (N=16) 1994 (N=15) PCB-28 0.1 0.2 0.4 PCB-52 0.7 2.5 1.6 PCB-101 0.4 0.5 0.6 PCB-138 0.5 0.5 0.9 PCB-153 0.5 0.5 1.3 PCB-180 0.3 0.3 0.9 Sum of 6 PCBs 2.4 4.4 6.6
Levels in milk µ g/kg milk fat 2000 DDE PCB 1500 1000 500 0 1981/82 1985 1986/87 1987/90 1990/91 1991/93 1994/95 1995 Balance - intake and secretion from organism
Problematic areas Equipment with PCB Lack of systematic monitoring Laboratory Equipment (PCDD/PCDF) Legislation
Next steps in POPs project: defining national priorities developing action plans and NIP
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