DePaul University From the SelectedWorks of John Mazzeo, Ph.D. 2009 Zimbabwe Household Livelihood Security Assessment. Catholic Relief Services. John Mazzeo, DePaul University Available at: https://works.bepress.com/jmazzeo/32/
Household Livelihood Security Assessment for Catholic Relief Services - Zimbabwe Prepared by John Mazzeo, Ph.D. and July 2009
Table of Contents Executive Summary... iv 1. Introduction... 1 1.1 Background... 1 1.2 C-SAFE Zimbabwe... 3 1.3 CRS in Zimbabwe... 3 1.4 Household Livelihood Security Assessments (HLSAs)... 4 1.5 Objectives of this report... 5 2. Methodology... 6 3. Current household livelihood security situation and its recent evolution... 10 3.1 Livelihood Context... 10 3.1.1 Household characteristics... 10 3.1.2 Livelihood strategies... 13 3.1.3 Cash income, expenditures and borrowing... 22 3.1.4 Household Assets... 26 3.1.5 Agricultural production... 28 3.1.6 Health environment and behaviors... 39 3.1.7 Social support and participation in community safety nets... 51 3.2 Livelihood security and components... 52 3.2.1. Food security... 53 3.2.2 Health security... 57 3.2.3 Education security... 59 3.2.4 Income security... 61 3.2.5 Livelihood security... 64 4. Impact of CRS interventions... 65 4.1 Participation in CRS interventions... 65 4.2 Impact of interventions... 65 5. Conclusions and recommendations... 66 Annex 1. 2009 HLSA questionnaire... 67 Annex 2. Calculating the Coping Strategies Index... 68 Annex 3. Calculation of Factor Analysis Indices... 70 i
List of Tables Table 1. Districts, wards and households included in the 2009 sample... 8 Table 2. Household demographic characteristics, by survey year... 10 Table 3. Access to education, 2009... 12 Table 4. Participation in agricultural production and livestock rearing, by district, 2009... 13 Table 5. Percentage of households engaged in various income generating activities, by survey year... 16 Table 6. Percentage of households engaged in various trading and self-employment activities a/, 2009.. 18 Table 7. Sources of cereals during the lean period (January-April), by district... 20 Table 8. Percentage of households reporting major expenditure categories a, by survey year... 23 Table 9. Percentage of households borrowing money in past four months, by district and survey year... 25 Table 10. Reasons for borrowing, by survey year... 26 Table 11. Sources of loans, 2009... 26 Table 12. Percent of households owning, purchasing, and selling selected household assets in the previous year, 2009... 27 Table 13. Reasons for sale of productive assets, 2009... 28 Table 14. Land ownership, size of land owned, percent of land cultivated, by district and survey year... 29 Table 15. Reasons for leaving land uncultivated (% of households), 2009... 29 Table 16. Percentage of farming households growing major field crops, by district... 33 Table 17. Percentage of cultivated area planted to major field crops, by district... 34 Table 18. Production of major field crops (kilograms), by district... 34 Table 19. Median and mean crop yields (kilograms per hectare), 2009... 36 Table 20. Availability and sources of seed for maize and groundnuts... 36 Table 21. Types and sources of agricultural training received, 2009... 37 Table 22. Percentage of households with access to garden, by district, 2009... 38 Table 23. Sources of water for gardening, 2009... 38 Table 24. Water sources, storage and collection, and type of latrine used, by survey year... 40 Table 25. Handwashing and soap use, 2009... 43 Table 26. Treatment of illness, 2009... 44 Table 27. Knowledge of HIV and AIDs, by survey year... 46 Table 28. Discrimination based on HIV and AIDS infection, by district, 2009... 48 Table 29. Information about chronically ill, care and services, 2009... 50 Table 30. Social support provided by community members, 2009... 52 Table 31. Average food security index and index components, by district... 54 Table 32. Average health security index and index components, by district... 58 Table 33. Average education security index and index components, by district... 60 Table 34. Average income security index and index components, by district... 63 ii
List of Figures Figure 1. Districts within Mashonaland East Province... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2. Districts within Mashonaland West Province... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 2. Districts within Manicaland West Province... Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 1. Percentage of households caring for an orphan, by district... 11 Figure 2. Percentage of female household heads, by district... 12 Figure 3. Percentage of households participating in agricultural production and livestock rearing, by district, 2009... 14 Figure 4. Area of cultivable land planted, (% of households), 2009... 15 Figure 5. Percentage of households that earn cash income, by district... 16 Figure 6. Primary source of cash income, 2009... 17 Figure 7. Most important sources of cereals during the lean period, by survey year... 21 Figure 8. Most important sources of vegetables during the lean period, 2009... 22 Figure 9. Cash income received per capita in last month, by district... 23 Figure 10. Percent of cash expenditures spent on various categories in last month, 2009... 24 Figure 11. Percentage of households borrowing money in past four months, by district, 2009... 25 Figure 12. Percentage of households growing major field crops, by survey year... 30 Figure 13. Average percent of total land area planted to major field crops, 2009... 31 Figure 14. Average household production of major field crops... 35 Figure 15. Percentage of households cultivating various garden crops (2009)... 39 Figure 16. Percentage of households using an unsafe water source, by district... 41 Figure 17. Time to fetch water (minutes), by district... 41 Figure 18. Percentage of households having no latrine available, by district... 42 Figure 19. Percentage of households in which bednets were used the previous night, by district... 45 Figure 20. Percentage of households with a chronically ill member, by district... 51 Figure 21. Percentage of households employing various coping strategies in order to access food more than 2 days a week, 2009... 55 Figure 22. Percent of households employing various coping strategies in order to access food, by survey year... 56 Figure 23. Mean food security index, by district... 57 Figure 24. Average health security index, by district... 59 Figure 25. Average education security index, by district... 61 Figure 26. Average income security index (rural areas only), by district... 64 Figure 27. Average livelihood security index, by district... 65 iii
Executive Summary iv