rcb, a unique material 18 th January 2017
What is Carbon Black?
Carbon Black A fine powder is produced via the partial combustion of heavy petroleum feedstock It is near 100% elemental carbon Identified by CAS # 1333-86-4 *Picture courtesy of Birla carbon
Furnace Carbon Black Structure Primary Particle Aggregate Agglomerate Weak Van der Waals Fused, chemically bonded ~20 to 100nm interactions between primary particles aggregates
Structure, (OAN values in cc/100g) Carbon Black Classification Normal or Slow Cure Example = N330 Indicates primary particle size Arbitrarily assigned 140 130 120 110 N683 TYRE SIDEWALL/ EXTRUSIONS N550 PASSENGER TREAD N339 N375 TRUCK/ HIGH PERFORMANCE TREAD N234 N220 N110 N115 N134 100 N330 90 N660 80 70 60 INNER LINER/ AV MOUNTS/ SEALING/ MOULDINGS N772 TYRE SKIM COMPOUNDS N326 50 40 AV MOUNTS/ SEALING N990 CARCASS TREAD 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Surface Area (STSA values in m 2 g)
What is rcb?
rcb Structure Development - Feedstock
rcb Structure Development Pyrolysis
At this stage, the material is referred to as Char ASTM D3053: Char is the unprocessed material obtained after a pyrolysis process of scrapped rubber goods. May contain steel & fabric. Not-suitable for rubber applications. Low value.
rcb Structure Development - Polishing
rcb Structure Development - Polishing ASTM D3053: A material recovered from scrapped rubber goods via pyrolysis, typically containing 10 to 20wt% of non-carbonaceous material. Has semi-reinforcing properties in the region of N600 to N700 series grades. Free of steel & fabric. Requires particle size reduction. Requires pelletisation. Many potential rubber and plastics applications.
rcb Properties
2016 rcb Benchmarking Programme 25 rcb samples from 5 continents No char but not all pelleted Mix of commercial and pilot scale processes Batch and continuous processes
Void Volume 50MPa (cm 3 /100g) Colloidal Map 100 90 80 Furnace rcb 70 60 50 40 30 N660 XT1004 N772 N550 N326 20 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 STSA (m 2 /g) Confirms colloidal properties fall between N500 N300 series Narrow spread in structure (data generated bi HITEC). Broader spread in surface area.
N990 N772 N660 N550 N326 N330 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19 #20 #21 #22 #23 #24 #25 Cleanliness 65 84 87 93 98 98 68 74 94 96 79 80 97 62 100 98 95 95 93 98 84 74 98 67 51 44 43 39 25 27 0 Spread in the cleanliness of rcb from different manufacturers Low volatile rcb has been associated with v. low PAH content High volatile content = poor reinforcement and strong odour!
Weight % Composition 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 Volatile Carbon Silica ZnO Other 20 10 0 N772 European North America South America South Africa Asia Differences in composition (averaged by region) Higher silica content in European rcb
In-Rubber Dispersion
N550 Dispersion Example Sections of ASTM D3192 compound. Uniform distribution of carbon black achieved.
This is Achievable with rcb Sections of ASTM D3192 compound. Full post-rector processing necessary.
Or Not!
Physical Properties
Carcass Grade Performance Viscosity 120 100 Hysteresis, tan δ max 80 60 40 20 0 Shore A Refined rcb N772 Elongation to Break M300% Tensile strength Numerous studies performed to demonstrate the properties of rcb can match carcass grades. These studies have been conducted as benchmarking exercises no formulation optimisation attain maximum rcb performance.
Δ M300% Predicting Performance is Difficult! NXXX rcb 4.0 2.0 Δ Hardness XT1004 N772 N550 N660 N326-2.0 N330 N234 0.0-20 -15-10 -5 0 5 10-4.0-6.0 N990-8.0
Δ M300% Predicting Performance is Difficult! NXXX rcb 4.0 2.0 Δ Hardness XT1004 N772 N550 N660 N326-2.0 N330 N234 0.0-20 -15-10 -5 0 5 10-4.0-6.0 N990-8.0 Those with poor dispersion or high volatile content removed.
Dynamic Properties
E', MPa Strain Dependency 25 20 15 rcb Predicted rcb Actual N234 N330 N326 N550 N660 N772 N990 10 5 0 0.01 0.1 1 10 DSA, %
E', MPa Strain Dependency 16 14 NXXX rcb y = 0.1337x - 0.8479 R² = 0.9726 N234 12 10 8 N330 N326 6 4 2 0 N990 XT1004 N550 #2 N550 #1 N550 #3 N660 N772 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 STSA, m 2 g Confirms reduced surface activity (filler-filler interactions). Reduced hysteresis is a performance enhancer for some applications.
Potential Applications
Challenges
Market Perception Volumes Oil Price Standardisation
Reasons to be optimistic
Reduced CO 2 Emissions Other Environmental Benefits Performance Enhancers Sustainable Source of Filler to Support Tyre Manufacturing Growth
Questions? Contact us: Chris Norris PhD, MSc, BSc (Hons) Chris.Norris@artis.uk.com 01225 896505 www.artis.uk.com www.linkedin.com/company/artis_2
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