Getting from AEDGs to Zero-Energy Buildings Drury B. Crawley, Ph.D. FASHRAE, AIA, BEMP, FIBPSA Bentley Systems, Inc. 1 March 2016 Energy Use Worldwide by Sector 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% Industrial Transportation Residential Commercial 30% 20% 10% 0% EIA 2013, Eurostat 2014 1
U.S. Buildings Energy Use Commercial Residential Buildings Energy End-Uses 2014 Transportation 27.3% Lighting, Ventilation, 7.2% 8.6% Refrigeration, 5.1% Cooling, 8.1% Televisions, 4.6% Clothes Refrigeration, Dryers, 6.1% 3.1% Cooking, Water 2.6% Heating, 4.5% Fans and Pumps, 2.1% Industrial Office Computers, 32.0% Equipment, 3.6% 1.7% Dishwashers, Computers, 1.6% 1.3% Freezers, 1.1% Clothes Cooking, Washers, 1.5% 0.4% Lighting, 14.8% Water Heating, 12.4% Heating, 14.3% Cooling, 9.2% Buildings 40.8% Other Uses, 19.8% Heating, 29.3% Residential 22.0% Commercial 18.8% Other Uses, 37.0% Energy Information Administration. 2015. Annual Energy Outlook 2015, EIA-0383 (2015). Washington, D.C. First Steps to Zero Advanced Energy Design Guides (AEDGs) 2
AEDGs? 50%? Advanced Energy Design Guide (AEDG): multiple ways, but not the only way to build energy-efficient buildings that use significantly less energy than code-minimum building (ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1-2004) Six original guides targeted 30% energy savings: Small Office, Small Retail, K-12 Schools, Small Warehouse, Small hotel, and Small Hospital Five 50% guides recently completed, targeting 50% less energy use than Standard 90.1 Five 50% Guides 3
AEDG Development Collaboration among four organizations DOE provided research funding for national labs and technical reports Volunteer effort (2250-5000 hours each guide) Two Peer Reviews Educational guidance not a Standard Development Original 30% guides target: contractors, designers, and design/build firms; focus on simple prescriptive recommendations 50% guides assume higher level of modeling expertise and design integration Easy to use prescriptive recommendation tables, how-to guidance and bonus savings 50% Guides add Performance design strategies and/or energy targets 4
Development 50% savings determined using whole building energy savings Energy is independent variable & cost-effectiveness is dependent variable TSDs (Technical Support Documents) written by National labs include sections on cost-effectiveness Guides recommend off-the-shelf technology must be available from at least 2 manufacturers Focus New Construction Also applicable to: Complete/Major Renovations Building Additions Remodeling/Modernization Projects Systems Upgrades AEDG requirements include Opaque Envelope, Fenestration, Daylighting, Lighting, HVAC, SWH, Plug, Kitchen Equipment, Quality Assurance Cx, M&V, benchmarking Includes Additional Bonus Savings 5
General Design Strategy Minimize envelope heating/cooling loads, both sensible and latent construction, solar, infiltration, water vapor diffusion, and thermal mass Minimize internal loads Lighting and plug loads Maximize mechanical system performance Ventilation loads HVAC Equipment and system efficiencies Service Water heater equipment efficiencies Example Outline (Schools) Foreword Message to School Boards & Administrators Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Integrated Design Process & Best Practices Chapter 3 Performance Targets & Whole Building Case Studies Chapter 4 Prescriptive Recommendations by Climate Zone Chapter 5 How-to Implement Recommendations with Technology Examples Appendices: bonus savings 6
Recommendations by Climate Zones (Std 169/90.1-2016) World Climate Zones -- Standard 169-2013 7
Europe Climate Zones (Std 90.1/169) Recommendations Tables 8
High Performance Buildings Examples Technology Examples 9
How-to Tips Tables of Information Climate Zones Specified Highlighted Information How-to Tips Illustrations of Concepts 10
AEDG for K-12 School Buildings: 50% Savings Scope All sizes of elementary, middle, and high schools Space Types: administrative, office, classroom, hallway, restroom, gymnasium, assembly space, library, food preparation, and dining. Excludes atypical spaces such as indoor swimming pools, wet labs, dirty dry labs, and spaces with extraordinary heat or pollution generation. 11
Analytical Approach Two representative prototypes Recommendations for all 8 climate zones plus moist/dry for 16 total locations Multiple HVAC Systems modeled: VAV/DOAS, FCU/DOAS, & GSHP/DOAS Energy Savings: 51-65% relative to 90.1-2004 47% relative to 90.1-2007 28% relative to 90.1-2010 55% relative to 90.1-1999 Baseline Prototype Characteristics Size: 7000 m 2 Size: 20 000 m 2 12
Baseline Prototype HVAC System Details Daylight Modeling Details 13
VAV/DOAS and PSZ System Details VAV/DOAS System Results Primary School 14
FCU/DOAS System Details FCU/DOAS System Results Primary School 15
GSHP/DOAS System Details GSHP/DOAS System Results Primary School 16
Prescriptive Recommendations Envelope insulation, vestibules Fenestration FFR, SHGC, VT, sun control Daylighting % of floor area Interior Lighting LPD, ballasts, controls Exterior Lighting facades, parking lots Plug Loads equipment, controls, kitchen SWH/ HVAC systems VAV-DOAS, FCU-DOAS, GSHP-DOAS Quality Assurance Cx, M&V, benchmarking Prescriptive Recommendations: 17
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Additional Bonus Savings Alternative HVAC Systems Natural Ventilation, Evaporative Cooling, IAQP Thermal Storage, Thermal Mass Thermal Displacement Ventilation Renewable Energy Photovoltaic, Wind Turbine Transpired Solar Collector Power Purchase Agreements 19
AEDG for Small to Medium Office Buildings: 50% Savings Scope Offices up to 10 000 m 2 Buildings: administrative/professional, government, bank/financial, and medical offices (without diagnostic equipment) Space Uses: private and open plan offices, conference, lounge, lobby, corridor, stairway, storage, restroom, mechanical/electrical rooms Excludes specialty spaces such as data centers 20
Baseline Office Prototypes 2000 m 2 small office 30 m x 30 m, 3.6 m high concrete block construction 20% WWR DX air conditioner with gas furnace air source heat pump with electric supplemental heat 5000 m 2 medium office 50 m x 30 m, 4 m high steel frame construction 33% WWR DX air conditioner with VAV air distribution electric Heat (CZ 1-4) or hot water baseboard heat (CZ 5-8) Analytical Approach Two representative prototypes: 2000 m 2 small office and 5000 m 2 medium office Recommendations for 8 climate zones plus humid/dry (16 locations) Energy Savings vs 90.1: 90.1-2004: 50-61% 90.1-2007: 46% 90.1-2010: 31% 90.1-1999: 55% 21
Medium Office with Radiant System Medium Office with VAV System 22
Prescriptive Recommendations Envelope Insulation, Vestibules Fenestration Orientation, SHGC, U-factor Daylighting VT/SHGC, EA Interior Lighting LPD, Controls Exterior Lighting Facades, Parking lots Plug Loads Equipment, Controls SWH/ HVAC Systems Packaged Single-zone, WSHP, VAV-DX, VAV CHW, Fan Coils, Radiant Systems Quality Assurance Cx, M&V, benchmarking Prescriptive Requirements 23
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Additional Bonus Savings Daylighting Toplighting Natural Ventilation Additional HVAC Systems Renewable Energy Photovoltaic Solar Hot Water Wind Turbine 50% AEDGs Available Small to Medium Offices K-12 Schools Medium to Big Box Retail Large Hospitals Grocery Stores All the AEDGs available as free PDF download from: www.ashrae.org/aedg Technical support documents describing the process and results are available here: energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-design-guides 26
Impact of the 30% AEDGs Expected Impact of the 50% AEDGs Impact ASHRAE elearning courses Market Assessment Referenced in RFP Specifications Building Owners Reference Buildings ASHRAE/USGBC/IESNA Std 189.1 ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1 27
30% AEDGs Directly Influenced Standard 90.1-2010 National lab supporting Standard 90.1 also supported development of 30% savings AEDGs (and 50% savings AEDGs) Reviewed AEDGs to identify energy savings measures to reach 30% target of 90.1-2010 90.1-2010 is ~25% savings relative to 90.1-2004 ~110 addenda of which ~50 are energy-related. Of these, ~20 were drawn from the AEDGs Estimate that AEDGs directly contributed ~10% of 25% savings (or 40%) Increasd Energy Savings in Standard 90.1 by Building Type Energy Use Indices (kbtu/ft2-y) Percentage Energy Savings Building Type 90.1-2004 90.1-2007 90.1-2010 90.1-2013 90.1-2010 over 90.1-2004 90.1-2013 over 90.1-2004 Building Type Floor Area Weight (%) High-Rise Apartment 55.29 53.75 50.41 46.91 8.8% 15.2% 8.97% Mid-Rise Apartment 52.12 49.24 46.34 43.86 11.1% 15.9% 7.32% Hospital 170.45 173.86 131.26 123.68 23.0% 27.4% 3.45% Large Hotel 123.47 125.90 96.85 89.00 21.6% 27.9% 4.95% Small Hotel 73.34 68.04 63.62 59.99 13.2% 18.2% 1.72% Large Office 84.54 81.74 71.88 70.84 15.0% 16.2% 3.33% Medium Office 49.49 46.39 36.79 34.05 25.7% 31.2% 6.05% Small Office 42.37 40.05 33.02 29.38 22.1% 30.7% 5.61% Outpatient 148.03 148.03 120.23 115.77 18.8% 21.8% 4.37% Quick Service Restaurant 653.67 640.63 604.51 576.58 7.5% 11.8% 0.59% Full Service Restaurant 471.22 446.88 389.23 372.67 17.4% 20.9% 0.66% Stand-alone Retail 79.52 68.64 53.35 45.92 32.9% 42.3% 15.25% Strip Mall 83.66 72.82 60.40 55.09 27.8% 34.1% 5.67% Primary School 80.08 74.17 60.10 54.22 24.9% 32.3% 4.99% Secondary School 72.94 65.27 48.01 41.74 34.2% 42.8% 10.36% Warehouse 25.54 23.34 18.23 17.14 28.6% 32.9% 16.72% US National Average 76.34 71.76 58.77 54.13 23.0% 29.1% 100.0% 28
Increased Stringency Standards 90.1/189.1 110 100 90 Standard 90-75 Standard 90A-1980 14% Savings 4% Savings 80 Standard 90.1-1989 Standard 90.1-1999 11% Savings Standard 90.1-2007 Energy Use Index (1975 Use = 100) 70 60 50 40 30 Standard 90.1-2004 Standard 90.1-2010 Standard 189.1-2009 Standard 189.1-2011 Standard 90.1-2013 Standard 189.1-2014 20 10 0 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 Year Source: DOE Building Energy Codes Program Can we get to Net Zero Energy Buildings? 29
What is an Zero Energy Building (ZEB)? An energy-efficient building, where on a source energy basis, the actual annual delivered energy is less than or equal to the on-site renewable exported energy. Boundaries Building and its site Campus: set of closely related buildings Community of buildings Portfolio of buildings (single owner, different locations) 30
ZEB Definition Variations Zero Energy Campus An energy-efficient campus where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy. Zero Energy Portfolio An energy-efficient portfolio where the combined actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy. Zero Energy Community An energy-efficient community where the actual annual source energy consumption is balanced by on-site renewable energy. Technical Potential Assessment of the Technical Potential for Achieving Net Zero-Energy Buildings in the Commercial Sector www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41957.pdf Methodology for Analyzing the Technical Potential for Energy Performance Across the Commercial Sector www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/41956.pdf ASHRAE Research Project 1651-RP (completed in 2016) updated this analysis for ASHRAE energy standards development; savings of >45% over 90.1-2010. Report free for members: rp.ashrae.biz/researchproject.php?rp_id=674 31
ZEB Characteristics Number of floors impacts ability to reach ZEB goal 40% 25% LZEB 2025 Roof area Daylighting 13% 6% Energy Efficiency Percent savings needed to reach ZEB goal 96 90 91 90 73 77 80 67 70 64 59 53 54 62 58 50 43 44 43 32 30 10 6 5-10 All Office/professional Warehouse (nonrefrigerated) Public assembly Service Religious worship Education Retail (excluding mall) Lodging Food Service Health Care Inpatient Public order and safety Food sales Health care (outpatient) Vacant Other Skilled nursing Laboratory Refrigerated Warehouse Subsector Need 60% to 70% decrease in energy consumption of commercial buildings in order for renewables to supply the balance 32
Great Potential in Commercial Buildings Great Potential: Real ZEB Commercial Buildings 33
High-Performance Buildings Database First Database with Net-Zero Energy Buildings: http://commercialbuildings.energy.gov/ Building Location Floor Area, ft 2 (m 2 ) Annual Purchased Energy, kbtu/ft 2 -y (MJ/m 2 -y) Aldo Leopold Legacy Center Baraboo, WI 11,300 (1050) -2.02 (-24.9) Audubon Center at Debs Park Los Angeles, CA 5,020 (465) Challengers Tennis Club Los Angeles, CA 3,500 (325) -0.096 (-1.09) Environmental Tech. Center, Sonoma State Rohnert Park, CA 2,200 (205) -1.47 (-16.69) Hawaii Gateway Energy Center Kailua-Kona, HI 3,600 (335) -3.46 (-39.29) IDeAs Z2 Design Facility San Jose, CA 6,560 (610) -0.00052 (-0.0059) Oberlin College Lewis Center Oberlin, OH 13,600 (1265) -4.23 (-48.036) Science House St. Paul, MN 1,530 (145) 0 System Details Building Building Use PV System Size, kw % Savings w/o PV Floors HVAC System Type Aldo Leopold Commercial office 406 70% 1 Audubon Center Recreation; Park 25-1 GSHP; Radiant Slab; Earth-Tube; Natural Ventilation Solar Hot Water; Absorption Chiller; Natural Ventilation Challengers Tennis Club Recreation 6 60% 2 Natural Ventilation Environmental Tech. Center, Sonoma State Higher education; Laboratory 3 80% 1 Natural Ventilation; Passive Solar Heating/Cooling; Thermal Mass; Radiant Heating Hawaii Gateway Commercial office 20 80% 1 Natural Ventilation; Cold Sea Water to Cool Air IDeAs Z2 Commercial office 30 60% 2 GSHP; Radiant Slab Oberlin College Higher education; Library; Assembly 160 54% 2 GSHP; Radiant Slab Science House Interpretive Center 8.8 60% 1 GSHP; Natural Ventilation; Passive Solar Heating 34
Large Zero Energy Building! Objectives Critical Stretch Health and Life Safety Net zero energy LEED Platinum Energy Star Goal 220,000 ft 2 (20 000 m 2 ) Most energy efficient building in world LEED Platinum Plus ASHRAE 90.1 + 50% 800 people 35 kbtu/ft 2 -y (400 MJ/m 2 -y) 100 kw data center Flexible BIM / energy model Complete in 2010 35
Energy End-Use kbtu/ft 2 -y MJ/m 2 -y Space Heating 8.58 97.44 Space Cooling 0.85 9.65 Pumps 0.48 5.45 Ventilation Fans 1.88 21.35 Domestic Hot Water 0.90 10.22 Exterior Lights 0.12 1.36 Lights 2.07 23.51 Office Plug Loads 7.87 89.36 Task Lights 0.10 1.14 Data Center Power 12.11 137.53 Data Center Cooling 0.02 0.23 Data Center Fans 0.20 2.27 36
Technologies to Get to Zero? Modularity Massing (long axis E-W) Double skin Daylighting Shading Natural Ventilation Thermal labyrinth Data center heat recovery Data center cooling PV What did they achieve? LEED Platinum 58 of 69 LEED-NC points Operating at net zero-energy including roof and site mounted PV (since July 2011) Energy use: 35.4 kbtu/ft 2 -y (400 MJ/m 2 -y) vs predicted 35.1 kbtu/ft 2 -y Peak plug loads of 0.35 W/ft 2 (3.7 W/m 2 ) vs predicted 0.55 W/ft 2 (6 W/m 2 ) 100% of workstations are daylit Peak LPD of 0.3 W/ft 2 (3.2 W/m 2 ) Workspace for 1300 staff, 360,000 ft 2 (33,500 m 2 ) http://www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf.html 37
And in 2011, A New Wing for RSF Objectives 27 kbtu/ft 2 -y (300 MJ/m 2 -y) 50% energy cost savings Assured performance with incentives Results 20 kbtu/ft 2 -y (230 MJ/m 2 -y) measured 17% more efficient than RSF 5% capital cost savings Working Towards a Net Zero Micro-Grid 38
Photovoltaic System Walgreens Evanston, Illinois 39
Walgreens Objectives First net-zero energy retail store in the US LEED Platinum Living Building Challenge Net Zero Certification Open in 14 months design and construction What Technologies Did They Use? Ultra-high-efficiency mechanical and refrigeration system CO 2 refrigerant Geothermal heat pump All LED lighting 0.9 W/ft 2 (10 W/m 2 ) Daylighting, with 5 zones Natural ventilation with operable windows Building automation 850 solar panels (220,000 kwh annually) Two wind turbines 40
How did they do? 40% less energy than conventional store Model for future stores and remodels First year they were 15% short corrective actions made Bullit Center Seattle, Washington 41
Bullit Center Objectives Greenest building in the world Meet all requirements of the Living Building Challenge: Net-zero energy Net-zero water Non-toxic materials Increased functional ecosystem area Enhance human health Contribute to social equity Emphasize beauty Integrated Building Design Living laboratory 42
Bullitt Center McGilvra Place 43
What Features Did They Incorporate? EUI of 16 kbtu/ft 2 -y (180 MJ/m 2 -y) Triple-glazed, low-e, operable windows (natural ventilation) Daylighting for all occupants Rainwater harvesting, vortex, ceramic filters (reverse osmosis) and UV treatment for potable water Composting toilets Durability structure designed for 250-year life Local and safe materials Ground-source heating pump Solar canopy (242 kw) covers roof and provides overhangs Passive Heating/Cooling 44
Radiant Heating What did they achieve? Living Building Challenge Certified LEED Platinum Operating at net-zero energy and water 45
Bullitt Center Performance 60,000 50,000 40,000 Electric Consumption, kwh 30,000 20,000 10,000 0-10,000-20,000-30,000-40,000 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan SCL Power Used PV Exported to SCL PV Used by Bullitt Savings over Baseline Bullitt Building Use Est. Code Baseline SCL Net Meter - SVC 4 Proposed Tenant Building Proposed Building Energy Use 46
NZEB Worldwide http://batchgeo.com/map/net-zero-energy-buildings IEA BCS Annex 52, 2013 Many new ZEBs and ZECs! New Buildings Institute. 2014. Getting to Zero Status Update, Vancouver, WA. www.newbuildings.org/zero-energy 47
NZEB of the Future? Probably More Like NREL RSF Or These Recent Zero Energy Buildings 48
Summary Today s energy standards are pushing buildings to use 60% less energy than 40 years ago Beyond those energy standards and codes: Possible today to cost-effectively construct buildings that use substantially less energy Guidelines exist to help designers those savings another 50% Low and net zero energy buildings are being constructed and operated today No Single Metric Tells the Building Performance Story Energy Demand Cost Water IEQ Carbon Business (student, occupied room, sales, beer) 49
Ευχαριστώ! Ερωτήσεις; Dru Crawley Dru.Crawley@bentley.com @DruCrawley DruCrawley 50% AEDGs Available Small to Medium Offices K-12 Schools Medium to Big Box Retail Large Hospitals Grocery Stores All the AEDGs available as free PDF download from: www.ashrae.org/aedg Technical support documents describing the process and results are available here: energy.gov/eere/buildings/advanced-energy-design-guides 50
50% AEDG Technical Support Documents Medium Box Retail www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42828.pdf Grocery Stores www.nrel.gov/docs/fy08osti/42829.pdf Highway Lodging www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-18773.pdf Medium Office Buildings www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-18774.pdf General Merchandise www.nrel.gov/docs/fy09osti/46100.pdf Small Office Buildings www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19341.pdf Large Hospital www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/47867.pdf Large Office www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/49213.pdf Quick-Service Restaurant www.pnl.gov/main/publications/external/technical_reports/pnnl-19809.pdf More on the NZEB NREL Research Support Facility NREL RSF web site: www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/rsf.html "The Design-Build Process for the Research Support Facility www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51387.pdf Energy Performance Update www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/pdfs/rsf_operations.pdf Reducing Data Center Loads for a Large-Scale, Net Zero Office Building www.nrel.gov/sustainable_nrel/pdfs/52785.pdf 51