DAIRY HEIFER REARING STRATEGIES 1) Six months to pre-fresh New England Dairy Conferences March 10 Waterville, ME; March 11 Whitefield, NH; March 12 West Lebanon, NH Hugh Chester-Jones University of Minnesota SROC, Waseca 2014 Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved.
Outline of today s discussion Sources of variation and variance control factors Growth and Target profiles 6 months to pre-fresh Systems and management highlights and variance control
Example of raw means profile of heifers by farm showing relationships of initial serum protein to growth by 6 months of age at SROC and by complete lactations on their home dairies Initial SP, g/dl 4 or < 4.1-4.5 4.6-4.9 5-5.4 5.5 or > Farm A (1,322) % of heifers 2.0 5.1 8.3 32.9 51.7 Final BW, lb 476 465 466 471 473 Final Hip Height, in 45.8 45.2 45.3 45.5 45.5 ADG, lb 1.93 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.93 First calving age 712 718 713 706 703 Final Std ME, lb 27,076 28,997 29,387 29,186 29,270
Production (System) Goals Quality Control Systems (Hoffman, 2004) - Breeding Age/Weight - Calf Weaning Criteria - Feed efficiency - Calving Age/Weight - Feed Cost Controls --Precision feeding - Body condition - Reproductive Efficiency - Vaccination Goals - Colostrum Feeding Goals - Morbidity/Mortality - Passive Transfer - Bunk Score Guidelines - Variance Control -
More recent variables Genomics Sexed Semen
Growth and target profiles Biological variation Heifer monitoring
Targets for large breed heifer rearing in Intensive management conditions (Van de Haar, 2009) Variable Age at first breeding Body weight at first breeding Age at first calving Target 13 to 15 months 800 to 820 lb 22 to 24 months Body weight after calving 1250 Withers height at calving (small 56 in breeds 45-50 in) Body condition score at calving 3.0 to 3.5 Growth rate from 3 to 10 months of age 1.8 to 2.0 lb/day
Body Weight. lbs 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Jersey Guernsey Aryshire Swiss S-Holstein L-Holstein Shorthorn 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Age, months Breed Based Heifer Growth Hoffman, 2010
WCROC at 10
Cross breeding U of MN Established in 2002 with Jersey AI bulls and Holsteins at the seasonal grazing dairy in Morris and Confinement herd in St. Paul. Now also using Montbeliardes, and Swedish Red s. Have used Normande breed Advantages for reproduction efficiency and longevity Current work with 10 dairy herds cross-breeding (Montebeliardes, Swedish Red, Jersey) vs. Holstein
Age vs BW or MBW as breeding target? Hoffman, 2008
Theoretical genetic deviation of body weight (BW) in Holstein replacement heifers Age, months BW, lb BW Genetic Std Deviation, lb BW low range, lb 0 93 19 74 112 2 185 21 164 206 4 293 26 266 319 6 400 32 368 432 8 507 40 466 547 10 615 48 567 663 12 722 54 668 775 14 830 59 771 889 16 937 63 874 999 18 1045 66 978 1111 20 1152 69 1083 1220 22 1260 71 1188 1331 24 1367 73 1294 1439 BW high range, lb
How fast can heifers gain? 1.8 lb-2 lb/day? Fat pad Birth Birth B B = mammary parenchyma C C = mammary ducts Van Amburgh and Meyer, 2006; Elevated energy intake prior to puberty consistently reduces prepubertal mammary development.. Heifers on a high plane of nutrition have less parenchyma DNA at puberty simply because they reach puberty at a younger age
A Puberty A = mammary ducts A Late Gestation B B = milk secreting alveoli Van Amburgh and Meyer, 2006 parenchyma DNA to puberty only 2% of total by late gestation
Strategies 6 months to pre-fresh *Use most economical quality feeds forages,byproducts; *Consider culling poorer heifers early; reduce within pen variance
Table 1. Dietary energy and protein guidelines 1 for large breed dairy heifers gaining 1.8 lbs/day in a thermal neutral environment. Heifer Body Weight, lbs Item Unit Abbreviation 300 600 900 1200 Dry Matter Intake lbs/d DMI 9.3 13.7 19.4 26.9 Crude Protein % of DM CP 16.9 15.0 14.2 13.3 Rumen-Undegraded Protein % of CP RUP 39.4 33.8 30.3 26.3 Rumen-Degraded Protein % of CP RDP 60.6 66.2 69.7 73.7 Total Digestible Nutrients % of DM TDN 67.4 65.3 63.3 62.3 Metabolizable Energy ME Mcals/lb 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.02 1 Determined from the Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 2001
Guidelines for feeding Holstein heifers ad libitum to calve at 23 months (Van de Haar, 2009) Age mths BW lb Gain lb/day WH in ME Mcal /lb NE m Mcal lb % CP CP: ME g/mcal 2 170 1.6 34 1.3 0.82 18 63 4 280 1.8 38 1.2 0.73 17 63 6 390 1.8 41 1.1 0.68 15 63 8 500 1.8 44 1.1 0.68 15 60 10 610 1.9 47 1.1 0.68 14 60 12 730 2.0 49 1.1 0.68 13 53 14 850 2.0 51 1.1 0.68 13 53 16 970 2.0 52 1.1 0.68 13 53 22 1330 2.0 55 1.1 0.68 13 53 23 precalf 1390 2.0 55 1.2 0.73 15 56 23 postcalf 1240 56 1.3 0.77 18 63
Characteristics of Pasture 18-34% Protein High soluble protein 0.66-0.80 Net Energy 30 55% NDF Low non-fiber carbohydrates 12-24% Heifer intake 1.1 to 1.2% of BW as cell wall (NDF). (Rickard U of MO Extension)
Heifer management confinement vs. pasture
Confinement 58 to 72 heifers for the; Pasture 58 to 72 heifers
Fenceline feeding TMR 15.8% CP, 64% TDN, 28.9% ADF; 1% CA, 0.38% P
Grazing vs. confinement Pre-breeding - Pasture 23% CP
Transition from TMR to pasture and Fed 1-2 lbs of supplement/heifer daily- Bloat guard block in the paddocks; hay also fed
Animal performance Feedlot Average Daily Gain 2.00 in 2000 2.03 in 2001 2.10 in 2002 Pasture Average Daily Gain 2.04 in 2000 1.98 in 2001 1.97 in 2002
Feedlot Costs 2000 2001 2002 Feed 0.73 0.74 0.85 Labor 0.17 0.16 0.20 Machiner 0.16 0.17 0.18 y Facilities 0.05 0.07 0.05 Bedding 0.07 0.12 0.11 Health 0.03 0.03 costs Total 1.21 1.29 1.39
Pasture Costs 2000 2001 2002 Feed 0.28 0.35 0.20 Labor 0.10 0.15 0.07 Machinery 0.06 0.07 0.07 Fencing 0.08 0.15 0.10 Health costs 0.04 0.03 Seed & Fert 0.11 0.05 Pasture 0.23 0.32 0.22 Death Loss 0.15 Total 0.94 1.18 0.71
Heifer Raising Regime 18-22 months May 9, 2000 September 15, 2000
Nutrient Composition of Diets C Pasture R Pasture TMR Alfalfa Pellets DM, % 37.66 29.05 47.52 90.08 ----------DM Basis---------- CP, % 15.71 17.92 17.95 18.92 NDF, % 54.96 50.78 38.71 51.85 ADF, % 34.45 32.60 28.70 41.79
Heifer Growth C R F P-value N 21 21 21 Initial BW, lb. 968.0 956.7 963.8 0.99 Final BW, lb. 1194.0 b 1175.0 b 1265.0 a 0.03 ADG, lb. 1.74 b 1.69 b 2.34 a 0.01 Initial BCS 3.1 3.0 3.2 0.08 Final BCS 3.5 b 3.6 b 3.7 a 0.01 Initial HH 1, in. 53.8 53.1 53.2 0.46 Final HH, in. 55.1 54.8 55.3 0.57 1 HH= hip height
Dry Matter Intake Pre-Partum DMI (lb/d) 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12-14 -12-10 -8-6 -4-2 0 Days Pre-partum P=0.14 C R F
Heifer Nutrition Basics Provide quality feeds Understand nutritional requirements Adjust ration to changing environment Avoid over conditioning Feed protein wisely Feed precise amount of minerals and vitamins Use efficient feeding systems Consider ionophores
Envrionmental factors that need energy adjustments Cold weather Wet/muddyconditions Wind exposure (winter) Cold, hard resting areas Well-managed freestalls Ionophore feeding Solar radiation Heat stress Crowding Parasites Increase dietary energy Increase dietary energy Increase dietary energy Increase dietary energy Do not overfeed energy Closely evaluate dietary energy Closely evaluate dietary energy Increase water access& energy Closely evaluate dietary energy Increase dietary energy or treat Adapted from Hoffman U of WI
Adjust ration to changing environment to meet 1.8 lbs/day gain More energy for low temperatures, wet conditions, dirty hair coats, wind chill, cold/drafty resting areas Additional energy by extra grain, utilizing corn silage etc.
600 lbs large breed heifer, 1.8 lbs/day adjusted for haircoat (Hoffman and Plourd, 2003) Diet Summer Winter Winter Haircoat Clean Clean Dirty Corn silage, % DM 31.0 29.0 29.0 Legume silage, bud 61.0 47.0 36.0 Shelled corn 7.2 20.6 29.3 SBM --- --- --- Expeller SBM --- 2.6 4.9 TM salt/mineral mix 0.8 0.8 0.8 DMI, lbs/day 14.7 15.4 15.5 CP, % DM 15.0 15.0 15.0 ME, Mcals/lb 1.0 1.1 1.2 ADF, % DM 30.5 25.4 22.3 NDF, % DM 45.3 (1.1%) 38.8 (1.0%) 34.5 (0.9%)
1200 lbs large breed heifer, 1.8 lbs/day adjusted for haircoat (Hoffman and Plourd, 2003) Diet Summer Winter Winter Haircoat Clean Clean Dirty Corn silage, % DM 32.0 37.0 35.0 Legume silage, bud 66.0 61.2 58.0 Shelled corn --- --- --- SBM --- --- --- Expeller SBM 1.3 1.0 1.2 TM salt/mineral mix 0.8 0.8 0.8 DMI, lbs/day 26.5 28.5 29.0 CP, % DM 13.0 13.0 13.0 ME, Mcals/lb 1.0 1.0 1.1 ADF, % DM 33.0 32.0 30.3 NDF, % DM 48.0 (1.1%) 47.5 (1.1%) 45.1 (1.1%)
Effect of temperature on Dry Matter Intake (DMI) Temperature F DMI change > 95 10 to 35% decrease 77 to 95 3 to 10% decrease 59 to 77 normal intake expected 41 to 59 2 to 5% increase 23 to 41 3 to 8% increase 5 to 23 5 to 10% increase < 5 8 to 25% increase
Forage options and NDF digestibilities examples % NDF digestibilities invitro 48 h (U of WI) Alfalfa hay 44.2-55.4 Alfalfa silage 38.0-58.2 Grass hay 43.6-64.8 Grass silage 44.5-62.9 Corn silage 54.0-63.8 BMR silage 64.4-72.5 TMR heifers 47.3-61.5 (Hoffman and Combs, Focus on Forage -2004) NDF intake for 9,000 WI heifers av 1% BW; Hoffman and Kester, 2012, Estimating DMI of dairy heifers. Low NDF or high NDFD diets > DMI than high NDF diets or low NDFD diets (Hoffman and Kester, 2012, Estimating DMIof dairy heifers)
Forage options and NDF digestibilities - % NDF digestibilities invitro 30h (U of WI) Soyhulls 91.6 Beet pulp 83.6 DDG 76.2 Corn 85.0 Use to combine with low NDFD forages Level of dietary NDF contributes to gut fill and DMI changes;
Feed bunk management to control feed loss and help save on feed costs U of WI Scoring modified from SDSU and ISU 0 = Slick concrete 1 = Few feed particles remaining (daily objective) 2 = Many feed particles but concrete still visible 3 = Large amounts of feed covers the bottom of the bunk If 0 score = increase feed 2% 1 = No change 2 = decrease feed 2% 3 = decrease feed 5%
Gustafson Dairy Heifers, Willmar
Gustafson Dairy Heifers, Willmar MN Ration Example
Limit-feeding overview Feed a more nutrient dense diet, and feed less of it - target ADG with balanced protein/energy for limit vs. ad lib heifers Similar lactation milk yields to ad lib Decreases manure excretion and > N utilization Need adequate bunk space so all heifers can eat at the same time. Changes heifer behavior more bawling and boredom (Hoffman, 2010)
Ingredient and nutrient composition of treatment diets of limit fed growing Holstein heifers Treatment Item C100 L85 L80 + I Corn silage -------------- 21.0 % of DM 14.8 --------------- 14.8 Oatlage 25.9 14.7 14.7 Haylage 44.4 35.8 35.8 Shelled corn 1.6 18.5 18.5 SBOM 2.2 10.5 10.5 Base mix 5.0 5.8 5.8 Lasalocid, mg/d 325 Nutrient composition 1 DM, % as fed 40.3 47.4 47.8 CP, % 13.1 15.5 15.4 NDF 49.1 36.5 36.0 IV NDFD, % NDF 2 51.4 53.1 53.9 NFC 29.3 39.7 40.3 Energy Calculations 3 TDN, % 56.5 65.0 65.6 NE g, Mcal/kg 0.70 1.0 1.0 NE m, Mcal/kg 1.2 1.6 1.6
University of Wisconsin Selected Diet examples 100% ad lib 85% of intake 80% of intake
Heifer transition to first calving Adjust to change in housing type (pasture to free stalls or bedded pack) Moderate energy diet prepartum to prevent overconditioning House heifers and cows separately Provide exercise opportunities Adapted from Litherland, 2009
Conclusions An overview of dairy heifer rearing strategies have been discussed in reference to examples of source of variation control The key is to maintain consistency of nutritional management and provide the most beneficial balance between calf and heifer performance and economic efficiencies that best fits the needs of the individual operation.