COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, 1.1.27 SEC(27) 12 COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EU ENERGY POLICY DATA (accompanying the following documents) COM(26) 841 final SEC(26) 179 COM(26) 843 final SEC(26) 1722 SEC(26) 1723 COM(26) 844 final SEC(26) 1717 SEC(26) 1718 COM(26) 845 final SEC(26) 1721 COM(26) 846 final SEC(26) 1715 COM(26) 847 final - - - COM(26) 848 final SEC(26) 1719 SEC(26) 172 COM(26) 849 final - - - COM(27) 1 final - - - EN EN
COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT EU ENERGY POLICY DATA Table of Contents: 1. Chapter 1: Global Energy Trends... 3 2. Chapter 2: The Current EU Energy Position... 7 3. Chapter 3: The Competitive Edge Development of Energy Prices... 2 4. Chapter 4: Snapshot of Renewable Energy Sources... 25 5. Chapter 5: The Challenge of Climate Change... 31 6. Chapter 6: Comparison of Main Energy Sources... 38 7. Chapter 7: EU-27 and Member States Energy Factsheets... 44 In order to ensure comparability figures rely mostly on IEA and Eurostat and are based on 26 data for the new EU-27. The reference year used is 24. Sources: European Commission EUROSTAT DG TREN DG ENVIRONMENT European Environmental Agency EURATOM European Energy and Transport: Trends to 23 Update 25, DG TREN, 26 International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook 26, OECD IEA, 26 Electricity Annual Report 25, OECD IEA, 25 Coal Annual Report 26, OECD IEA, 26 Energy Prices and Taxes, 3Q26, OECD IEA, 26 sources OMV, 23 EN 2 EN
1. CHAPTER 1: GLOBAL ENERGY TRENDS List of Figures: 1.1. World Primary Energy Demand 198-23 (IEA Reference Scenario)... 4 1.2. World Energy Demand 25-23 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)... 4 1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario)... 5 1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 25-23 (IEA Reference Scenario)... 5 1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (24) 6 EN 3 EN
1.1. World Primary Energy Demand 198-23 (IEA Reference Scenario) 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 Mtoe 198 24 21 215 23 Coal Hydro Biomass and Waste RES Source: WEO 26, OECD/IEA 26 1.2. World Energy Demand 25-23 by Region (IEA Reference Scenario) Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 EN 4 EN
1.3. World Incremental Electricity Generation by Fuel (IEA Reference Scenario) Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 1.4. Cumulative Energy Investment in Energy Supply Infrastructure 25-23 (IEA Reference Scenario) Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 EN 5 EN
1.5. Comparative Analysis of Energy Indicators of Major Global Energy Players (24) Main Energy Indicators Brazil China India Japan Russia USA World EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (TPES) [24, Mtoe] 24.85 1 69.35 572.85 533.2 641.53 2 325.89 11 223.3 1 814.77 TPES/POP [toe/capita] 1.11 1.24.53 4.18 4.46 7.91 1.77 3.78 TPES/GDP [toe/ 2$].31.94.99.11 1.95.22.32.2 TPES/GDP (PPP) [toe/ 2$ PPP].15.23.18.16.49.22.21.16 CO 2 /TPES [tco 2 /toe] 1.58 2.94 1.93 2.28 2.38 2.49 2.37 2.27 CO 2 /GDP [kgco 2 /2$].49 2.76 1.9.25 4.65.54.76.46 CO 2 /GDP (PPP) [kgco 2 /2$ PPP].23.67.35.35 1.17.54.51.36 Total Primary Energy Supply - Mix [24, share in %] oil 42.3% 19.3% 22. 47.8% 2. 4.7% 35. 36.8% gas 7.7% 2.6% 4. 13. 54.% 22. 2.6% 2 coal/solid fuels 6.9% 61.7% 34. 21.8% 16. 23. 24.7% 16. nuclear 1.5%.8%.8% 13.8% 5.9% 9. 6. 14. hydro 13.5% 1.9% 1.3% 1.5% 2. 1.% 2. 1.5 combined renewable + waste 26.5% 13.7% 37. 1. 1. 3.% 1.5% 4.5 geothermal/solar/wind.%..7%..5%.5%.66% Total Final Consumption [24, Mtoe] 172.2 138.4 43.3 354.3 425.2 1 6.8 7 644.4 1 177.1 Intensity of total R&D [23, % of GDP] (1) 3.1 2.59% 1.97% Net Imports [Mtoe] 31.33 9.37 15.8 44.75-511.1 714.51 4 352.7 934.51 Net Imports/TPES [%] 15.29% 5.6 18.47% 82.66% -79.65% 3.7 38.8% 5% (1) Including industry and public research. Data for EU refer to EU-25 (Source: DG RTD) Source: European Commission DG TREN, IEA EN 6 EN
2. CHAPTER 2: THE CURRENT EU ENERGY POSITION List of Figures: 2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (24): about 1 8 Mtoe... 8 2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (24)... 8 2.3. EU-27 Energy Intensity... 9 2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 24 (%)... 1 2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (24)... 11 2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural (24)... 11 2.7. EU-27 Origin of (24)... 12 2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (24)... 12 2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario)... 13 2.1. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 23 (Baseline Scenario)... 13 2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario)... 14 2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (25)... 14 2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 25... 15 2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Power Plants... 15 2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 25-25... 16 2.16. Share in Power Generation in the Member States... 16 2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 23 (Baseline Scenario)... 17 2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure (25-23)... 18 2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (25-23): 1 8 billion... 18 2.2. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (25-23): 9 billion... 19 EN 7 EN
2.1. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (24): about 1 8 Mtoe 1 6% % 18% 2 38% Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat 2.2. EU-27 Electricity Mix (24) (*) 1 Coal 3% 3 Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat, *: EN 8 EN
2.3. EU-27 Energy Intensity 2 18 16 14 22 23 24 Energy Intensity 22-24 12 1 8 [toe/1eur] 6 4 2 EU-27 EU-25 EU-15 EU-1 EU-12 Denmark Austria Ireland Germany France Italy Luxembourg UK Belgium Netherlands Sweden Spain Portugal Greece Cyprus Finland Malta Slovenia Hungary Poland Latvia Czech Republic Slovakia Lithuania Estonia Bulgaria Romania Source: Eurostat EN 9 EN
2.4. EU-27 Import Dependency 24 (%) 94.6 98.2 1. 5.1 78.9 48. 61.3 72.7 77.4 5.5 86.5 84.5 63.5 48. 6.8 7.8 83.6 52.1 67.6 54.4 25.3 28.5 3.7 3.3 36.5 14.7 5.2 EU27 BE BG CZ DK DE EE EL ES FR IE IT CY LV LT LU HU MT NL AT PL PT RO SI SK FI SE UK -47.9 Source: Eurostat EN 1 EN
2.5. EU-27 Energy Mix with Renewable Energy Sources (24) 36.8% 14. Solar. Hydro 1.5% Wind.3%. 6. Biomass and waste 4. 18. 24.% Geothermal.3% Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat 2.6. EU-27 Origin of Natural (24) Nigeria Qatar s Algeria 13% EU own production total 37% 29% Norway 17% Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat EN 11 EN
2.7. EU-27 Origin of (24) Kazakhstan 3% Algeria 3% Nigeria 3% Iran 5% Iraq s EU own production total 18% Libya 8% Saudi Arabia 9% Norway 13% Russia 26% Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat 2.8. EU-27 Origin of Hard Coal (24) Colombia 6% USA Indonesia 3% s 5% Australia 7% Russia 8% EU own production total 5 South Africa 13% Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat EN 12 EN
2.9. EU-27 Net Imports of Fossil Fuels (Baseline Scenario) (Mbtu) 14 12 solid fuels 1 8 6 natural gas 4 2 oil 199 1995 2 25 21 215 22 225 23 Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES 2.1. EU-27 Development of Import Dependence up to 23 (Baseline Scenario) (%) 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Total Natural Solids 2 21 22 23 Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES EN 13 EN
2.11. EU-27 Total Primary Energy Supply (Baseline Scenario) Mtoe 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 199 2 21 22 23 Natural Solids Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIMES 2.12. Origin of Enriched Uranium to EU-25 (25) United States Russia 27% EU 7 Source: European Commission DG TREN, Euratom Supply Agency EN 14 EN
2.13. EU-25 Origins of natural uranium 25 South Africa + Namibia 5% Unites States 5% + undetermined 3% EU Russia 17% Niger 1 Re-enriched tails HEU feed 7% Kazakhstan 3% Canada 25% Australia 16% Uzbekistan 3% Source: European Commission DG TREN, AAE 2.14. EU-27 Overview of Operational and Shutdown Power Plants 24 Nr 2 16 12 152 operational NPP (-3 from 31/12/6) operational and to shutdown before 225 in a 4y lifetime scenario 2 Under Construction (FI, RO) 67 actually Shutdown NPP (+3 from 31/12/6) 8 4 5 1 15 2 25 3 35 4 45 Age (at 1/11/6 or at SD) Source TREN, PRIS Source: European Commission DG TREN, PRIS EN 15 EN
2.15. Anticipated effects on Capacity of Coal-Fired Power Plants 25-25 Note: Option : No policy Change, Option 1: Removal of Barriers to Sustainable Coal Technologies, Option 2: Pro-active Introduction of Incentives for the Penetration of Sustainable Coal Technologies Source: European Commission DG TREN 2.16. Share in Power Generation in the Member States Production, TWh 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 MS 9% 8% 7% 6% 5% 3% % FR DE SU UK ES BE CZ FI BG SK LT HU RO SI NLSource Eurostat Share, % The asterisks indicate to whether a nuclear plant is being constructed in that country or whether a project for a new plant is already in preparation or finally a decision on new build may be possible in future. (1) * 1 Unit under construction (3) *** Project(s) under decision (2) ** Project(s) in preparation EN 16 EN
2.17. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investment Needs up to 23 (Baseline Scenario) Investment (billion EUR) Share (development, exploration, refining) 9 5. (exploration and development, distribution) 221 12.3% Coal (mining, shipping) 24 1.3% (heating and biofuels) 78 4. Electricity: total investment 1 377 76.9% Of which: Generation Total 897 5% 148 8.3% 19 Coal 261 14.6% RES 327 18.3% 141 7.9% Of which: Transmission 116 6.5% Of which: Distribution 364 2.3% Total Energy Investment 1 79 Source: European Commission DG TREN EN 17 EN
2.18. EU-27 Cumulative Investments in Energy by Electricity Supply Infrastructure (25-23) RES-H,T 5% Coal 1 5% Electricity 77% Generation 65% Transmission 8% Distribution 27% Source: European Commission DG TREN 2.19. EU-27 Cumulative Energy Investments (25-23): 1 8 billion 1 5% 5% Power Sector Coal RES-H,T 77 % Source: European Commission DG TREN EN 18 EN
2.2. EU-27 Cumulative Electricity Investments (25-23): 9 billion 16% 17% 36% 29% Coal RES Source: European Commission DG TREN EN 19 EN
3. CHAPTER 3: THE COMPETITIVE EDGE DEVELOPMENT OF ENERGY PRICES List of Figures: 3.1. Average Crude and Natural Import Prices... 21 3.2. Coal Import Prices... 21 3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices... 22 3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume... 22 3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development... 23 3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Retail Prices 1997-26... 23 3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-26... 24 3.8. EU-15 Price Summary 1997-26... 24 EN 2 EN
3.1. Average Crude and Natural Import Prices Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 3.2. Coal Import Prices 7 6 US Dollars / Tonne 5 4 3 2 1 199 1992 1994 1996 1998 2 22 24 26 OECD US Japan Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q26, OECD/IEA 26 EN 21 EN
3.3. EU, US and Japan LNG and EU Pipeline Import Prices 14 12 US Dollars/MBtu 1 8 6 4 2 Jan-1 Jul-1 Jan-2 Jul-2 Jan-3 Jul-3 Jan-4 Jul-4 Jan-5 Jul-5 Jan-6 Jul-6 EU LNG US LNG Japan LNG Algeria-Spain pipeline Norway-UK pipeline Russia pipeline Source: Electricity Prices and Taxes 3Q26, OECD/IEA 26 3.4. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Market Volume 12 1 8 Volume traded (mt) 6 4 2 Jan -5 Feb -5 Mar -5 Apr -5 May -5 Jun -5 Jul -5 Aug -5 Sep -5 Oct -5 Nov -5 Dec -5 Jan -6 Feb -6 Mar -6 Apr -6 May -6 Jun -6 Jul -6 Aug -6 Sep -6 Oct -6 Nov -6 Source: European Commission DG ENV, Point Carbon EN 22 EN
3.5. EU Emission Trading Scheme: Price Development 3 26 22 18 14 1 6 Dec-4 Feb-5 Apr-5 Jun-5 Aug-5 Oct-5 Dec-5 Feb-6 Apr-6 Jun-6 Aug-6 Oct-6 price for allowances for use in the ETS period 25 to 27 price for allowances for use in 28 to 212, for which active trading started later Source: European Commission, DG ENV, Point Carbon 3.6. EU-15 Average Electricity and Retail Prices 1997-26 26 24 22 2 1997=1 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 Electricity Coal Crude oil Weighted average of large industrial, industrial, commercial and household prices (at 1995 price levels and not including taxes). Source: European Commission DG TREN, Internal Market Report EN 23 EN
3.7. EU-15 Electricity Price Summary 1997-26 1997 = 1, constant prices July 1997 July 2 July 25 July 26 Average (all consumers) 1 86 89 98 Very large 1 83 96 121 Medium industrial 1 82 94 17 Small commercial and households 1 88 86 91 Source: Eurostat 3.8. EU-15 Price Summary 1997-26 1997 = 1, constant prices July 1997 July 2 July 25 July 26 Average (all consumers) Very large industrial users Large industrial users Medium industrial users Small commercial and households Source: Eurostat 1 92 12 153 1 98 133 21 1 93 135 186 1 95 138 26 1 91 114 146 EN 24 EN
4. CHAPTER 4: SNAPSHOT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES List of Figures: 4.1. Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector... 26 4.2. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 199-24... 26 4.3. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (199-25)... 27 4.4. Growth: Electricity Projections up to 22... 27 4.5. Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 22... 28 4.6. CO 2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 22 in EU-25... 28 4.7. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States... 29 4.8. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States... 3 4.9. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States... 3 4.1. Solar Share of Heating in Member States... 3 EN 25 EN
4.1... Development of the Share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) per Sector (%) 2 15 1 5 Electricity Biofuels Heating 1995-1999 2-24 Source: European Commission DG TREN 4.1. Contribution of Renewable Energy (Electricity, Transport and Heat) 199-24 35 12 3 1 (Mtoe) 25 2 15 1 5 8 6 4 2 (Mtoe) 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 RES-H RES-E (ex hydro, righthand scale) RES-E RES-T (righthand scale) Source: European Commission, DG TREN EN 26 EN
4.2. Non-hydro Renewable Electricity Generation in EU-25 (199-25) E le c tric ity g e n e ra tio n [T W h /y e a r] _ 15 12 9 6 3 Wind off-shore Wind on-shore Photovoltaics Geothermal electricity Biowaste Solid biomass Biogas 199 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 Source: European Commission, Roadmap 4.3. Growth: Electricity Projections up to 22 12 RES-E - energy output [TWh/year] 1 8 6 4 2 Historical development 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 Future development Wind offshore Wind onshore Tide & wave Solar thermal electricity Photovoltaics Hydro large-scale Hydro small-scale Geothermal electricity Biowaste Solid biomass Biogas Source: European Commission, Roadmap EN 27 EN
4.4. Growth: Heating and Cooling Projections up to 22 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 RES-H - energy output [Mtoe/year] Historical development Future development Solar thermal heat Geothermal - heat pumps Geothermal - non heat pumps Biomass heat Source: European Commission, Roadmap 4.5. CO 2 Emissions Avoided due to New RES Deployment up to 22 in EU-25 8 Avoided CO 2 emissions (due to new RES plant (25 to 22)) [Mt CO2] 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 26 27 28 29 21 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 22 RES-T RES-H - non grid RES-H - district heat RES-E&H - CHP RES-E - pure power Source: European Commission, Roadmap EN 28 EN
4.6. Development of the Biofuels Share in EU Member States 4 Biofuel share 23 Biofuel share 24 Biofuel share 25 % 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 Austria Belgium Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta The Netherlands Poland Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden UK Source: European Commission DG TREN, Biofuels Progress Reports provided by Member States EN 29 EN
4.7. Biomass Share of Heating in Member States 4,% 3,% 2,% 1,%,% SE FI LT LA EE PT AT SI DK FR GR ES IT PL DE HU IR CZ BE SK UK NL LU CY MT Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN 4.8. Geothermal Share of Heating in Member States 1,5% 1,%,5%,% SI HU SK LT IT FR SE GR AT PL CZ DK BE PT Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN 4.9. Solar Share of Heating in Member States 4,% 3,% 2,% 1,%,% CY MT GR AT DE DK SI PT ES SE NL IT FR LU SK HU CZ Source: Eurostat, European Commission DG TREN EN 3 EN
5. CHAPTER 5: THE CHALLENGE OF CLIMATE CHANGE List of Figures: 5.1. World Energy-related CO 2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario)... 32 5.2. Energy-related CO 2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario)... 32 5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO 2 Emissions on Current Trends... 33 5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse es from Fuel Combustion by Sector... 34 5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Emissions per Capita (199-24)... 35 5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country)... 36 5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 25-27... 37 EN 31 EN
5.1. World Energy-related CO 2 Emissions by Sector (IEA Reference Scenario) billion t 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 199 24 21 215 23 Total Power Generation Transport Industry Residential and services Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 5.2. Energy-related CO 2 Emissions by Region (IEA Reference Scenario) Source: WEO 26 OECD/IEA 26 EN 32 EN
5.3. EU-27 Energy- related CO 2 Emissions on Current Trends Mt CO2 45 4 households / services / other 35 3 industry 25 2 transport 15 1 5 199 1995 2 25 21 215 22 225 23 electricity / heat / other energy supply Source: European Commission DG TREN, Eurostat EN 33 EN
5.4. EU-25 Total Emissions of Greenhouse es from Fuel Combustion by Sector Source: Eurostat EN 34 EN
5.5. EU-25 Greenhouse Emissions per Capita (199-24) 199 24 Source: EEA Report No 9/26 EN 35 EN
5.6. Summary of Planned Measures and Progress towards Targets (by Country) Source: EEA Report No 9/26 EN 36 EN
5.7. EU-25 Key Figures on the Emission Trading Scheme 25-27 Source: EEA Report No 9/26 EN 37 EN
6. CHAPTER 6: COMPARISON OF MAIN ENERGY SOURCES List of Figures: 6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation... 39 6.2. Energy Sources for Heating... 42 6.3. Fuels for Road Transport... 43 EN 38 EN
6.1. Energy Sources for Electricity Generation Energy sources Natural gas Technology considered for the cost estimate 25 Cost ( / MWh) Source IEA (1) Projected Cost 23 ( / MWh with 2-3/t/CO 2 ) GHG emissions (Kg CO2eq/MWh) (4) EU-27 Import dependency (5) 25 23 Efficiency (6) Fuel price sensitivity Open cycle gas turbine 45 7 (2) 55-85 44 Very high 57% 8 CCGT (Combined 35-45 4-55 4 5% Very high Cycle Turbine) Proven reserves / Annual production (7) 64 years Diesel engine 7-8 8-95 55 8 93% 3% Very high 42 years Coal PF (Pulverised Fuel with flue gas desulphurisation) CFBC (Circulating fluidized bed combustion) IGCC (Integrated ification Combined Cycle) 3-4 45-6 8 4-45% medium 35-45 5-65 8 4-45% medium 39% 59% 4-5 55-7 75 Light water reactor 4-45 4-45 15 Biomass Wind Almost for uranium ore 48% medium 33% low Biomass generation 25-85 25-75 3 3-6% medium plant 35-175 28-17 On shore 3 95-98%...35 11 (3). 28 8 (3) 5-17 5-15 Off shore 1 nil 95-98%...6 15 (3)...4 12 (3) nil Large 25-95 25-9 2 95-98% 155 years Reasonable reserves: 85 years (8) Hydro EN Small (<1MW) 45-9 4-8 39 5 95-98% l EN Solar Photovoltaic 14-43 55-26 1 / R e n e w a b e
Nota 1: Costs are calculated at the boundary of the power plant (ex factory), without transmission and distribution costs. Costs cover investments, operation & maintenance and fuel costs. Investment costs include construction cost, refurbishment costs and decommissioning cost. For nuclear fuel, costs include all the steps from mining to disposal of spent fuel. Plants are operating on base load conditions with 26 fuel prices (coal ~ 2 /GJ; gas ~ 4 /GJ; oil ~ 6 /GJ), no cogeneration and no carbon price included. 23 costs with CCS include capture, transportation and storage. Intermittent energy sources are without any additional costs for the stand-by generation (back up) Sources for generation costs: 25 costs: IEA : Projected cost of generating electricity - IEA, NEA 25 (European projects only) 23 costs: IEA : Energy Technology Perspectives - IEA 26 With discount rate and 1 = $1.25 Regarding 23 costs for fossil fuel based generation; additional costs for CO 2 emissions have been calculated and added, on the basis of 2 and 3/tCO 2, to the current generation costs. With complementary data from - The Energy Review Report 26 DTI (UK) - The cost of generating electricity - Royal Academy of engineering 24(UK) - Study of reference costs for power generation Industry Ministry; DGEMP 24(FR) For intermittent renewable energy sources, the main driving factor for costs calculations is the "capacity factor" (The capacity factor of a power plant is the amount of electricity that it produces over a period of time, divided by the amount of electricity it could have produced the time). The capacity factor varies widely from site to site, especially for wind power and solar power, explaining the wide range of generation costs. EN 4 EN
Nota 2: For the open gas cycle turbine, cost figures are from the Royal academy of engineering Nota 3: Green X Project Nota 4: The total rate of GHG emission is the sum of the emission during operation (fuel combustion), upstream (construction, mining) and downstream (decommissioning, spent fuel) activities Source for GHG emissions: Greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generation chains: Assessing the difference; IAEA bulletin 42/2/2 Nota 5: Import dependency for fossil fuels relate to broad energy sources and not specific derived fuels; numbers are given for coal plus lignite, oil and natural gas rather than for e.g. diesel; import dependency 25: preliminary statistics; 23: baseline modelling results (European Energy and Transport Trends to 23 update 25) Nota 6: Efficiency is the ratio expressed in percent of energy output to the energy input (calorific value of fuel for thermal plants) Nota 7: The [proven reserves / annual production] ratio represents the length of time that those proven reserves would last if the annual production were to continue at the same level Sources: World Energy Outlook 26 - AIE (oil, gas, coal) Uranium 25: Resources, Production and Demand NEA (for uranium) Nota 8: According to the IAE WEO 26 "identified conventional uranium resources are sufficient for several decades of operation at current usage rates." The "Uranium 25: resources, production and demand" published by the OECD mentions 85 years of 24 world nuclear electricity generation with identified resources. EN 41 EN
6.2. Energy Sources for Heating Energy sources EU-25 market share by energy source Market price ( /toe ) Lifecycle cost ( /toe ) GHG emissions (t CO 2 eq/toe ) EU-27 import dependence 25 23 Heating gas oil 525 (.45/l) 3.1 8 93% Fossil fuels Natural gas 33% 23 34 ( 2-3/MWh) 3-13 2.1 57% 8 Coal 1.8% 7 ( 1/tce) 4 39% 59% Biomass Wood chips 28 545-13.4? 5.7% Pellets 54 63-13.4? Electricity 3 55-66 ( 5-6/MWh) 55-66 to 12 <? Solar. / 68-232 Very low Geothermal. / 23-145 Very low Data from: EIE Project K4 RES-H Green X model EN 42 EN
6.3. Energy Sources for Road Transport Market price ( /toe) CO 2 emissions Import dependence (t CO 2 /toe) 1 25 23 Petrol and diesel 398-582 2 3.6 3.7 8 93% Natural gas 23 34 (NB: requires a specially adapted vehicle and a dedicated distribution system) 3. 57% 8 Domestic biofuel 69-742 1.9 2.4 % % Tropical bio-ethanol 327-54.4 Second-generation biofuel 898 1 19.3.9 / 15% Source: JRC well-to-wheels report. 1 2 Figures given for biofuels are those for the cheapest production techniques Assuming oil price of $48/barrel and $7/barrel respectively EN 43 EN
7. CHAPTER 7: EU-27 AND MEMBER STATES ENERGY FACTSHEETS Introduction: Total primary energy supply shows the share of energy sources in the energy mix. It is the quantity of energy consumed within the borders of a country. It is calculated using the formula: primary production + recovered products + imports + stock changes - exports - bunkers (i.e. quantities supplied to sea-going ships). Total final consumption (Mtoe) - is the energy finally consumed in the transport, industrial, commercial, agricultural, public and household sectors. It excludes deliveries to the energy conversion sector and to the energy industries themselves. Electricity mix shows the share of the various energy sources used for electricity generation. Electricity generation (TWh) is the quantity of electricity consumed within the borders of a country. Indigenous production - shows the share of energy sources extracted and used from domestic natural sources. The precise definition depends on the fuel involved. Coal - quantities of fuels extracted or produced, calculated after any operation to remove inert matter. In general, production includes the quantities consumed by the producer during the production process (e.g. for heating or operation of equipment and auxiliaries) plus any quantities supplied to other on-site producers of energy for conversion or other uses. Crude oil - quantities of fuels extracted or produced within national boundaries, including off-shore production. Production includes only marketable production and excludes any quantities returned to formation. Production includes all crude oil, natural gas liquids (NGL), condensates and oil from shale and tar sands, etc. Natural gas - quantities of dry gas, measured after purification and extraction of natural gas liquids and sulphur. Production includes only marketable production, and excludes any quantities re-injected, vented and flared, and any extraction losses. Production includes all quantities used within the natural gas industry, in gas extraction, pipeline systems and processing plants. - quantities of heat produced in a reactor. Production is the actual heat produced or the heat calculated on the basis of the gross electricity generated and the thermal efficiency of the nuclear plant. All nuclear production is set as fully indigenous. Geothermal - quantities of heat extracted from geothermal fluids. Production is calculated on the basis of the difference between the enthalpy of the fluid produced in the production borehole and that of the fluid disposed of via the re-injection borehole. Biomass/Waste - in the cases of municipal solid wastes (MSW), wood, wood wastes and other solid wastes, production is the heat produced after combustion and corresponds to the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. In the case of anaerobic digestion of wet wastes, production is the heat content (NCV) of the biogases produced. Production includes all quantities of gas consumed in the installation for the fermentation processes, and excludes all quantities of flared gases. In the case of biofuels, production is the heat content (NCV) of the fuel. Hydro electricity generated by hydro power plant includes small hydro. Tide, Wave, Ocean power plants are included as well, because Eurostat is using it in this way. Wind - electricity generated by onshore and offshore wind power plants. Figures are set for the end of 24, while there was a significant increase of new installed Wind Power Plants in 25. Net imports by fuels (Mtoe) share of all energy sources imported, excluding all nuclear, which is set as indigenous by Eurostat. Net electricity imports are included. Imports of crude oil imported crude oil divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU. Imports of natural gas - imported natural gas divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU. Imports of hard coal - imported hard coal divided by countries of origin. EU-27 is counted without imports inside the EU. Abbreviations Mtoe million tonnes of oil equivalent. TWh Terawatt hours. Sources All data are 24 data from Eurostat, unless otherwise stated. EN 44 EN
EU-27 TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 1 6% % 18% 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 38% 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) (*) 1 Coal 3% 35 3 25 2 15 3 1 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Coal Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 1 2 6 5 NET IMPORT BY FUELS 4 3 28% 15% Mtoe 2 1 2-1 Electricity Nigeria 3% Kazakhstan Algeria Iran 6% Iraq IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL s 9% 33% 46% s 7% Norway 27% Indonesia 7% USA 8% s South Africa 29% Libya 9% Saudi Arabia 1 Norway 19% Algeria Colombia 13% Australia 16% 17% EN 45 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 2 1 AUSTRIA 3 25 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 2 15 1 23% 4 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 1 3% 7 6 5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 4 19% 3 2 (*) 6 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS % 1 14 12 1 17% 8 Mtoe 6 4 7 2-2 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Algeria 3% Iran 3% s 7% Imports from EU 7% Germany Norway 1 s % Nigeria 9% Kazakhstan 2 Libya 13% Poland 5 Czech Republic 49% 16% Saudi Arabia 8 Source: OMV,23 EN 46 EN
BELGIUM TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 2 1 37% 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 26% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other 55% ELECTRICITY MIX (*) 1 28% 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 7% 3 25 2 Mtoe 15 1 5 93% Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Iran 13% Venezuela 3% Denmark United Norway 6% Kingdom 9% 9% Algeria 17% Netherlands 4 13% Canada Poland s South Africa 3 Saudi Arabia 16% Norway 37% United Kingdom United States 17% Australia 27% EN 47 EN
BULGARIA TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) Renew ables 5% 14 12 1 2 36% 8 6 4 2 13% 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 8% 5 45 Solid Fuels 46% 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Solid Fuels (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Renew ables 5 4 3 4 Mtoe 2 1 43% 3% % - 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Kazakhstan United Arab Emirates Australia 3% United States 9% Canada 6% 89% CIS (except Russia) 46% 36% EN 48 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) CYPRUS 2. 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1..8.6.4 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 9.2. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*),3% ELECTRICITY MIX 4.5 4. 3.5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 99,97%. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2.5 2. 1.5 Mtoe 1..5. Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL CIS (Except Russia) 1 3 No imports 13% Australia 23% Syrian Arab Republic 58% UK 6 EN 49 EN
CZECH REPUBLIC TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 15% 3% 3 25 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 2 15 17% 1 5 2 43% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX (*) 3% 9 8 7 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 3 6 5 4 59% 3 2 6%, 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2 5% % 1 8 6 4 Mtoe 2 Electricity 7-2 - 4 IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Kazakhstan Algeria 3% Libya 3% Syria Azerbaijan 17% Norway 26% 6% 69% 7 Poland 93% EN 5 EN
DENMARK TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 1 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 23% 4 6 4 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 6 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) (*) 25% 5 4 46% 3 2 1 25% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 9% 6 4 2 28% Mtoe - 2-4 Electricity 63% - 6-8 - 1-12 IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL No imports Australia 6% Norway China (incl Hong Kong) United States 27% Poland 1 Norway Colombia 19% South Africa 2 EN 51 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 3% ESTONIA 4 3 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 13% 3 2 2 1 18% 56% 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 6,6%,3% (*),,3% 12 1 8 6 4 2 92,5% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 17% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) 1,,8 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 8% Mtoe,6,4,2 75%, -,2 -,4 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL No imports No imports EN 52 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) Renew ables 2 FINLAND 3 25 2 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 15 1 16% 28% 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 3% 27% 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 26% 1 15% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 5% 12 1 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 8 6 57% 38% Mtoe 4 2-2 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Kazakhstan Denmark 13% United Kingdom Norway 5% United States 5% Australia Canada 3% Poland 77% 67% EN 53 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 6% 5% 33% FRANCE 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 4 2 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) 1 ELECTRICITY MIX 5% 7 6 5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 4 3 2 1 77% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 1 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 13% 8 6 Mtoe 4 2 85% - 2 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Angola 3% Libya 5% Algeria 7% Nigeria 3% s 9% Norway 18% 15% Algeria 1 s Netherlands Poland 7% s 1 Australia 3 Kazakhstan 7% Norway 27% United States 1 Iran 8% United Kingdom Saudi Arabia 15% 2 Colombia 15% South Africa EN 54 EN
GERMANY TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 1 % 25% 25 2 15 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 23% 1 5 36% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) ELECTRICITY MIX 7 6 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 5 4 28% 47% 3 2 1 1 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS % 14 12 4 1 8 3 Mtoe 6 4 2 1 3% - 2 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Saudi Arabia Kazakhstan 7% Syria s 9% 33% 45% China 6% Netherlands 23% South Africa 28% Colombia 1 s Libya 1 Australia 1 United Kingdom 1 Norway 19% Norway 3 17% Poland 2 EN 55 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 5% 7% 3% GREECE 25 2 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 15 1 5 57% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) ELECTRICITY MIX 7 6 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 15% 5 4 3 6% 2 1 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) % INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 13% 25 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2 15 Mtoe 1 5 86% Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL 29% Libya 6% Iran 3 Algeria 18% China 17% Norway 8% Indonesia 8% Saudi Arabia 3 8 67% EN 56 EN
HUNGARY TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 1 13% 2 18 16 14 12 1 8 6 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 4 25% 4 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX (*) 3% % 2 4 35 3 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 35% 25 2 15 1 5 36% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 9% 2 1 9 8 7 6 3 16% Mtoe 5 4 3 2 1 23% Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Germany France 6% Australia 3% 7% CIS (except Russia) 9% 4 Czech Republic 23% 98% 8 Poland 26% EN 57 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 23% 15% IRELAND 14 12 1 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 8 6 4 2 59% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) 5% ELECTRICITY MIX 3 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 3% 25 2 15 1 5 13% 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 17% 1 9 8 7 6 47% Mtoe 5 4 3 2 36% 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Libya 3% United Kingdom 3% Poland s 3% Colombia 43% Norway 67% Australia 4 United Kingdom EN 58 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 6% 6% 8% ITALY 14 12 1 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 8 6 4 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 18% ELECTRICITY MIX 3% 15% 35 3 25 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 2 19% 15 1 5 45% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS % % 9 8 7 6 4 Mtoe 5 4 3 2 1 38% Electricity Norway Iraq Algeria 5% IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Syria 3% Egypt 3% 8% Libya 25% Algeria 39% Libya Netherlands 13% United Kingdom Norway 8% 8% United States 9% s 1 South Africa 2 Iran 1 Saudi Arabia 1 23% 37% Colombia 1 Australia 1 Indonesia 2 EN 59 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 36% 3% LATVIA 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1, TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe),5 29%, 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 3 7 6 5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 4 3 2 (*) 68% 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 2 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 1.5 1 Mtoe.5 Electricity -.5-1 IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Estonia Russia 99% EN 6 EN
LITHUANIA TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 7% 37% 6% 25% 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 23%, 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) ELECTRICITY MIX 5% 1 25 2 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 15 1 5 78% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 15% % 7% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 3. 2.5 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2. 1.5 Mtoe 1..5 78%. -.5-1. Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL CIS (except Russia) 6% Poland Ukraine 9 Russia 97% EN 61 EN
LUXEMBOURG TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 26% 6% 5, 4,5 4, 3,5 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 6 1,,5, 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 18% 4,5 4, 3,5 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) (*) 6% 3, 2,5 2, 1,5 1,,5 76% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION, 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 3.5 3. 2.5 Mtoe 2. 1.5 1..5. Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL No crude import Member State declares imports of natural gas only as a total non broken down by country of origin (Eurostat) Netherlands 1 Germany 5% France 13% Belgium 2 South Africa 49% EN 62 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) MALTA.6 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe).5.4.3.2.1. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 ELECTRICITY MIX Renew ables (*), 2.5 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 2. 1.5 1. 99,96%.5. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % % Renew ables Mtoe 1..9.8.7.6.5.4.3.2.1. NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL No Crude Import No imports No imports EN 63 EN
NETHERLANDS TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 3% 1 6 5 4 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 3 45% 38% 2 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) (*) 7% 23% 12 1 8 6 3% 4 2 63% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 3% % 5 4 3 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2 Mtoe 1-1 Electricity 9-2 - 3 Kuwait 8% IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Algeria Iran s 5% Belgium United Kingdom Norway 37% Belgium 7% 6% Australia 6% s 8% South Africa 37% Germany 4 Canada 7% Norway 15% 28% Indonesia 8% Saudi Arabia 2 United Kingdom 15% United States 8% Colombia EN 64 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 5% 13% % POLAND 7 6 5 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 4 3 58% 2 2 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other 3% ELECTRICITY MIX (*) 18 16 14 12 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 1 8 6 4 2 6% 5% 9 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 25 2 15 1 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Mtoe 5-5 - 1-15 Electricity 88% - 2 IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Germany CIS (except Russia) 28% Norway 5% CIS (excluding Russia) 8% Colombia Czech Republic 27% 96% 63% 63% EN 65 EN
PORTUGAL TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) Renew ables 15% 13% 25 2 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 15 13% 1 5 57% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 5 45 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 28% 3 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 5 26% 13% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS % 18 16 14 12 Mtoe 1 8 6 4 2 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Mexico 6% United Kingdom 5% Norway 5% Iran Iraq Nigeria 19% Nigeria 37% United States 9% Norway 6% Indonesia 3% Australia 7% Brazil 9% Algeria 16% Algeria 63% South Africa 26% Colombia 5 Libya 1 Saudi Arabia 1 EN 66 EN
ROMANIA TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) Renew ables 1 % 23% 35 3 25 2 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 15 1 35% 26% 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 7 6 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 29% 37% 5 4 3 2 19% 1 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Renew ables (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Renew ables 16% % 2 6 5 4 5% Mtoe 3 2 1 37% - 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL 9% USA 9% Kazakhstan 27% Kazakstan 19% 6 Russia 6% Ukraine Ukraine 8% EN 67 EN
SLOVAKIA TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 12 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 2 2 1 8 6 4 2 29% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) 13% ELECTRICITY MIX 19% 35 3 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 25 2 9% 15 1 5 56% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 7% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 1 6 5 4 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Mtoe 3 2 1 76% - 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL s CIS (except Russia) Czech Republic 38% 28% 99% United States Poland 23% EN 68 EN
SLOVENIA TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 19% Renew ables 1 2 5. 4.5 4. 3.5 3. 2.5 2. 1.5 1..5 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 1 36%. 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX 18 16 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 27.6% 33.99% 14 12 1 8.28% 6 4 2 2 35.75% 2.3 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 35% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 3 3 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 2 Mtoe 2 1 % 1 4 % - 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL No crude imports Poland 5% Russia Czech Republic Algeria 6% Indonesia 8 EN 69 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) 1 18% 6% % 15% SPAIN 1 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 49% 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other (*) 18% ELECTRICITY MIX 28% 3 25 2 ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) 15 1 23% 9% 5 28% INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION % 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) 8 7 6 NET IMPORTS BY FUELS Mtoe 5 4 3 2 1 5% - 1 Electricity IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Iran 6% 1 Imports from EU 16% Oman 5% Qatar 1 Norway 8% United States 8% Colombia s 5% Norway 6% Iraq 9% Mexico 1 United Arab Emirates Nigeria 18% Algeria 5 Australia 13% South Africa 43% Nigeria 1 Saudi Arabia 1 Libya 13% Libya 13% Indonesia 1 EN 7 EN
TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) Renew ables 26% % 6% 29% SWEDEN 4 35 3 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 25 2 15 1 37% 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh).67% 1.29% 1.3% 18 16 14 12 Renew ables (*) 45.69% 1 8 51.7% 6 4 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 18 16 4 Mtoe 14 12 1 8 6 4 58% 2-2 Electricity Venezuela IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Iran 8% Denmark 29% Latvia 9% s 5% 26% Norway 27% % United Kingdom 6% Denmark Poland 1 United States 13% 1 Australia 47% EN 71 EN
UNITED KINGDOM TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY (ENERGY MIX) Renew ables 9% % 16% 18 16 14 12 TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION (Mtoe) 1 8 6 39% 35% 4 2 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 Industry Transport Households Commerce & other ELECTRICITY MIX ELECTRICITY GENERATION (TWh) Renew ables (*) 33% 45 4 35 3 25 2 15 1 INDIGENOUS PRODUCTION 5 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2 21 22 23 24 (*) NET IMPORTS BY FUELS 9% 7% % 25 2 15 1 Mtoe 5 39% 43% - 5 Electricity - 1-15 Saudi Arabia IMPORTS OF CRUDE OIL IMPORTS OF NATURAL GAS IMPORTS OF HARD COAL Algeria 3% 1 Egypt Venezuela Belgium 28% Colombia United States 6% Indonesia Poland 3% s South Africa 28% Norway 73% Norway 7 Australia 17% 28% EN 72 EN