MANURE FROM OUR AGRICULTURAL ANIMALS A QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS FOCUSED ON BIOGAS PRODUCTION Juan José Chávez Fuentes, Aureliana Capobianco, Marianna Czölderová, Miroslav Hutňan
Aim of this work 1. What is the current population of agricultural animals worldwide? 2. How much agricultural manure is produced every day? 3. How high could be the biogas/methane production rate from all this manure? Global distribution Slide 2
Manure Slide 3
Lots of manure Slide 4
Agricultural animals Rapid industrialization of agriculture to sustain fast human population growth Most of agricultural animals have also experienced a fast population growth Industrial agriculture is focused on the production of meat, milk, eggs and other secondary products derived from the slaughter Slide 5
Agricultural animals (Population growth) 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2.600 2.400 2.200 2.000 1.800 1.600 1.400 1.200 1.000 800 600 400 200 0 Slide 6 1961 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 BILLION HEADS Humans, chicken MILLION HEADS Cattle and buffalo, pig, shee and goat, horse and camels Humans Poultry Cattle and buffaloes Pigs Sheep and goats Horse and camels 1) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)
Environmental concerns Agricultural animals: Consumes large quantity of resources (animal feed and water) Largest user of agricultural land worldwide Major source of problems such deforestation, anthropogenic GHG emissions (estimated to be as much as 9% CO 2, 40% CH 4 and 60% N 2 O worldwide), contamination and depletion of water resources, among other related problems (Steinfeld, FAO Report 2006) Yield large quantities of effluents, called manure Slide 7
Manure description and current uses Manure contains mostly animal faces and urine Other components of manure: Organic (Straw, fodder residues, skin, tail hair) and inorganic (lime, sand, sawdust and soil) According to dry matter content, it is classified as liquid, slurry and solid Quantity and quality of manure vary according to: Animal species and breed Livestock purpose (Food, products or labour) Type of farming Feeding patterns and diet composition Harvestability of manure is strongly determined by the type of farming Small scale farming Industrial farming (concentrated animal feeding operations) Common uses of manure: Fertilizer + soil amendment: Stabilization through manure pits, anaerobic lagoons or composting Additive for feedstock (poultry manure) Substrate for biogas production (anaerobic digestion) Slide 8
Methodology for quantitative analysis How to calculate manure s biogas and methane potential? Nm 3 CH 4 /d http://faostat.fao.org/ No. of live animals quantification of manure biogas methane Enteric fermentation CH 4 emission factors methane Slide
Methodology for quantitative analysis FAO No. of animals (j) in country (i) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic Specific manure production (animal j) kg d 1 head 1 Scientific literature Organic matter content (animal j) g VS kg 1 Scientific literature Specific biogas production (animal j) L kg 1 VS Assumptions and simplifications: Only one breed is considered for each animal Average size, weight of animals and manure production Harvestability of manure is not considered Slide 10
World population 1,48 0,20 0,99 2.13 x 10 1,21 1,01 0,06 7,4 WORLD POPULATION Billion heads 1) Worldometers Statistical Information 2) Food and Agriculture Organization Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT) Slide 11
Manure production 0.3 0.4 GLOBAL MANURE PRODUCTION RATE Million Ton/d 0.4 0.6 4.4 Dry matter (TS) Organic matter (VS) 7.3 SMP 1 (kg d 1 hd 1 ) TS 2,3 (g/kg) VS 2,3 (g/kg) Cattle 29 169.1 102.5 0.7 0.8 Buffaloes 19 169.1 102.5 Pig 2.5 310.2 269.3 0.9 1.2 Chicken 0.084 678.4 475 Sheep 3 676 503 1.8 2.5 Goat 2.7 861.3 642.3 0.3 0.4 1.8 2.3 Horse 25 249.7 186.1 Global manure production rate N, SMP TS ; N, SMP VS 1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 2) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 3) Marti Herrero, J. 2015. Cow, sheep and llama manure at psychrophilic anaerobic co digestion with low cost tubular digester in cold climate and high altitude. Bioresource Tech. Slide 12
Estimation of total and feasible potential for biogas production Biogas production rate TOTAL POTENTIAL Global biogas potential N, SMP VS SBP FEASIBLE POTENTIAL Global biogas potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP I w Water infrastructure and sanitation development I t Development in terms of transport and infrastructure 1) Adapted from Social Progress database: http://socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi 2) Adapted from World Band Logistic Performance database: http://data,worldbank.org/indicator Slide 13
Potential for biogas production through anaerobic digestion 1300 Total Feasible GLOBAL BIOGAS POTENTIAL Million Nm 3 /d SBP (L kg 1 VS d 1 ) CH 4 (%) Cattle 295 69 555 112 329 362 423 259 37 185 181 61 112 130 23 Buffaloes 295 69 Pig 495 65 Chicken 425 61 Sheep 142 65 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70 Global biogas potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide
Methane potential 897 Total Feasible GLOBAL METHANE POTENTIAL Million Nm 3 /d SMP (L kg 1 VS d 1 ) CH 4 (%) Cattle 295 69 383 26 77 275 214 221 169 120 110 73 85 16 43 Buffaloes 295 69 Pig 495 65 Chicken 425 61 Sheep 142 65 Goat 242 65 Horse 222 70 Global methane potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, ANAEROBIC DIGESTION 1) Kafle et al., 2015. Comparison on batch anaerobic digestion of five different livestock manures and prediction of biochemical methane potential using different statistical models. Waste Manage. 2) Cestonaro et al., 2015. The anaerobic co digestion of sheep bedding and cattle manure increases biogas production and improves biofertilizer quality. Waste Manage. Slide
Gross energy potential 9918 Total Feasible GLOBAL ENERGY POTENTIAL GWh/d GCV of methane: 11.06 kwh/nm 3 4238 855 3038 2364 2439 1864 285 1328 1218 802 937 180 471 Global energy production potential I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, GCV Slide
Electricity sales potential 268 Total Feasible GLOBAL SALES POTENTIAL FOR ELECTRICITY Million /d CHP unit η th = 90 % η el = 30 % 114 23 8 64 66 36 33 50 22 82 13 25 5 Tariff: 100 /MWh Global sales potential for electricity I, I, N, SMP VS SBP %CH, GCV η η 1) Using a modern CHP unit with thermodynamic conversion efficiency of 90 % and electrical energy conversion efficiency of 30 % 2) Current subsidized price for electricity produced through anaerobic digestion set at 100 /MWh. Based on tariffs given by the Regulatory Office for Network Industries of the Slovak Republic. Ord. no. 143/2015. Slide 17
Global biogas distribution Where do we find the highest potential for biogas production from agricultural manure? TOP 5: Agricultural animals Million heads Brazil India China USA Ethiopia 117 89 57 212 187 China USA Brazil Germany Vietnam 68 38 28 26 480 China Australia India Iran Nigeria 72 63 50 41 202 China USA Indonesia Brazil Iran 1983 1923 1331 930 4632 USA Mexico China Brazil Argentina 6,4 6 5,4 3,6 10,3 China India Nigeria Pakistan Bangladesh 71 67 56 188 133 Slide
Global biogas distribution TOP 10 Million m 3 /d China Brazil USA India Australia Argentina Mexico Pakistan France Germany 24 22 20 20 14 14 81 75 62 171 Slide 19
Nutrients in manure AD of agricultural manure yields stabilised sludge with improved properties and rich content of ammonia and orthophosphate enhancing the possibility for nutrients recovery 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 NUTRIENTS IN MANURE Million kg/d g kg 1 Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium K N P Cattle 3 0.7 4.2 Buffalo 3 0.7 4.2 Pig 5 1.3 1.9 Chicken 10 2.4 4.2 Sheep 7.6 3 7 Goat 7.6 3 7 Horse 5.8 2.8 5 Nutrient N, P or K N, SMP M, 1) Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development of the Slovak Republic. Ordinance no. 199/2008, appendix no. 2 Slide 20
Conclusions The global impact of our agricultural animals on the environment is currently very high and contributes to climate change and depletion of resources in a notorious way Animal manures are rich in organic compounds and nutrients, and even though classical techniques allow farms to take some advantage from manure, it can cause many environmental problems if not properly managed Anaerobic digestion is an integrated natural process that can enable a remarkable contribution to manure management, energy production and nutrients recovery; making animal farming more sustainable The feasible potential for biogas production from manure is very vast in many countries and will play a major role in future years Slide 21
Ing. Juan José Chávez Fuentes, MSc. Anaerobic Technology Group Department of Environmental Engineering Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology Slovak University of Technology Email: juan.fuentes@stuba.sk www.fchpt.stuba.sk Thank you for your attention! Slide 22