STORSKALA PRODUKSJON OG DISTRIBUSJON AV HYDROGEN I FLYTENDE FORM; HYPER

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STORSKALA PRODUKSJON OG DISTRIBUSJON AV HYDROGEN I FLYTENDE FORM; HYPER Petter Nekså a,b, David Berstad a and Sigmund Størset a Gasskonferansen 2018, Trondheim, 2018-04-11 a SINTEF Energy Research, Department of Gas Technology, NORWAY b NTNU, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, NORWAY Contact: Petter Nekså (petter.neksa@sintef.no) and David Berstad (david.berstad@sintef.no)

Energy research at SINTEF We shape the future's energy solutions Petroleum technology CCS Batteries Energy systems Solar Offshore wind Gas technology Energy efficiency Electricity supply Hydro Bioenergy 2

Outline 1. Hydrogen market applications and rationale for liquid hydrogen 2. HYPER- liquefied hydrogen production from surplus wind/hydro power and fossil sources in Norway (KPN project) 3. Scale and duty targeted by Hyper possibilities in a Norwegian context 4. Results and research tasks in the Hyper project on hydrogen production and liquefaction 5. Conclusions 3

Applications of hydrogen Why liquid hydrogen? Power production Industry Transport 4 Domestic use heating/cooking

The Hyper concept The main objective of Hyper: is to generate the fundamental knowledge required to enable the planning, construction and operation of a pilot (mid-term) and commercial (long-term) decarbonised hydrogen production, liquefaction and export facility/plant based on Norwegian fossil and renewable energy resources, 5 targeting emerging regional markets (e.g. North Western Europe, specifically Germany, the UK and the NL) and global markets (e.g. Japan)

Examples of scale of production Scale of the Hyper project Hydrogen fuelling station Domestic use in industry (Tizir, Tyssedal) Production, liquefaction of LH 2 for long-distance bulk transport Source: Kawasaki Heavy Industries 0.2 1 ton/d ( 0.4 2 MW) x 10 x 100 30 ton/d ( 50 MW) x 15 x 25 500 ton/d (> 1000 MW) 6 x 500 2500

TWh/a Primary energy sources in Norway 7 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 Hydropower 0 Wind power 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 Data source: Statistics Norway, Norsk Petroleum Natural gas : Wind 500 : 1

Scale and duty requirements Energy requirement If 500 tons per day of hydrogen is produced entirely by water electrolysis Water splitting (70 75 % conv. efficiency 1 100 1 200 MW el ) and hydrogen compression, liquefaction and utilities ( 200 300 MW el ) total power requirement: 1.2 1.3 GW el Annual electrical energy requirement (95% availability): 8 10 11 TWh el /a Corresponds to 7-8 % of annual hydro power production (most likely to be consumed in one point) If 500 tons per day of hydrogen is produced entirely by natural gas reforming Natural gas requirement: 0.7 GSm 3 /a Compared to Hammerfest LNG: 15% of the NG liquefaction capacity and CO 2 sequestration about 2.5 times current rate Hydrogen liquefaction, CCS, utilities: 0.14GW el Annual electrical energy requirement (95% availability): 1.1 1.2 TWh el /a

Scale and duty requirements production volume rate and storage Prospective LH 2 carrier 4 x 40 000 m 3 11 000 t Envisioned production volume: 500 tons per day o Required volume for one 160 000 m 3 ship loading every 3 weeks (16 calls annually) o Comparison, Snøhvit LNG plant: 60 70 calls per year Energy flux in the hydrogen product stream: o 5.8 kg/s * 142 MJ HHV /kg 820 MW HHV Corresponds to about 7 TWh per year of energy output Theoretical minimum storage volume: 160 000 m3. Sketch below indicates size of 5 aligned 40 000 m3 spherical LH2 storage tanks (200 000 m3) 9 40 000 m 3 2 800 t 45 m LH 2 truck < 50 m 3 < 3.5 t

Main criteria Natural gas availability Grid power availability Port availability Kårstø Kollsnes Nyhamna Tjeldbergodden Hammerfest Important cost drivers Natural gas price Electricity cost CAPEX Sea transport from Hammerfest NO-Japan: Suez: 35 days NE passage: 25 days NO - European market: 1.5 3.5 days Kårstø Kollsnes Nyhamna (Aukra) Tjeldbergodden Hammerfest 10

Advanced LH 2 production plant layout Exhaust Tail gas combustor Steam generation Steam Steam turbines Steam Steam Natural gas feedstock Pre-reformer Auto-thermal reformer High-temperature water-gas shift Low-temperature water-gas shift O 2 Shifted syngas: H 2, H 2 O, CO 2, CO,... O 2 compression Cryogenic air separation Tail gas to combustor Tail gas recycle Water Alkaline water electrolysis Waste O 2 Pd membrane Retentate: CO 2, H 2 O, H 2, CO,... Physical CO 2 separation 50 t/d H 2 450 t/d Permeate: H 2 Boil-off H 2 CO 2 500 t/d H 2 11 H 2 compression CH 2 buffer storage H 2 Liquefiers LH 2 LH 2 storage

Results from Advanced Case Simulations Input/Output MW LHV MW HHV Natural gas input 810.9 891.7 Hydrogen LH 2 product output 694.4 821.2 MW el MW LHV MW HHV MW el Net power requirement 245.2 Plant Efficiency (1 st law efficiency) LHV basis HHV basis Stand-alone for the NG-based system 66.9 % 72.8 % Stand-alone for the electrolyser-based system 57.1 % 67.5 % Overall for the 450 + 50 t/d plant 65.8 % 72.2 % Liquid hydrogen MW LHV MW HHV 12 Including > 93 % CO 2 capture ratio

CO 2 intensity of H 2 production CO 2 intensity of H 2 product [kg/mwh HHV ] 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 16 kg/mwh el Norway average (2016) Water electrolysis Natural gas reforming with 93.4 % CO 2 capture Up-/midstream GHG emissions included LH 2 @ 1.5 bar GH 2 @ 20 bar LH 2 @ 1.5 bar GH 2 @ 20 bar 13 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 CO 2 intensity of electricity [kg/mwh el ]

Conclusions Norway has a large potential for utilising its energy resources for large scale hydrogen production for export o In the near future a major portion of the hydrogen could be produced from natural gas with CCS o Several production sites in Norway are interesting for further investigation o More detailed case studies to understand barriers and cost picture are needed The Hyper project will contribute to investigate the potential for large scale hydrogen production and liquefaction in Norway o through evaluation and analysis of the different elements required for hydrogen production and liquefaction Hydrogen production and export from Norway may be a very interesting option to o valorisation of our energy resources meeting an emerging demand o contributing to reductions in global CO 2 emissions - transport, industry and power prod o realising new industrial-scale CCS projects 14

Acknowledgements This publication is based on results from the research project Hyper, performed under the ENERGIX programme. The authors acknowledge the following parties for financial support: Statoil, Shell, Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Linde Kryotechnik, Mitsubishi Corporation, Nel Hydrogen and the Research Council of Norway (255107/E20). Funding industry partners KPN Hyper (2016 2019, 255107/E20) Research partners 15 Contacts: Petter Nekså (petter.neksa@sintef.no) and David Berstad (david.berstad@sintef.no) Project website: http://www.sintef.no/hyper

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