Long term plans for MYRRHA In view of a future ADS Hamid AÏT ABDERRAHIM Director of MYRRHA Project haitabde@sckcen.be or myrrha@sckcen.be 4 th WS Energy for Sustainable Science at RI, November 17-18, 2017 Magurele (RO)
Outline Some facts & questions on sustainability & energy What is & why MYRRHA MYRRHA Accelerator Specific requirements Pre-Licensing & Licensing status MYRRHA & P&T Phased implementation & high level planning Conclusion 2
Energy challenges : geopolitical considerations Who has the oil? 3
Energy challenges : correlation energy routes / armed conflicts 4
Energy challenges : What s the colour of electricity? Green? Red? Blue?... White or Dark 5
Energy challenges : Will the energy saving, save the world? 2010 2030 2050 Pop. OECD (mio) 1.200 1.400 1.500 Energy Demand (oet/cap.) 5.5 3 2.8 Total Energy Consumption OECD (mio oet) 6.600 4.200 4.200 Pop. Non-OECD (mio) 5.400 6.700 7.500 Energy Demand (oet/cap.) 1 2 2.8 Total Energy Consumption Non-OECD (mio oet) 5.400 13.400 21.000 TOTAL CONSUMPTION (mio oet) 12.000 17.600 25.200 6
Energy challenges : invest in all CO 2 non-emitting energy sources including nuclear energy 7
Electricity cost increases with increased wind & solar penetration, to stabilize the grid (German data) Cost of Electricity System LCOE of Wind in Germany Comments Integration costs of VRE: Even at moderate wind penetration (~20%), Integration costs of wind power can be in the same range as generation costs Data for Germany estimates integration cost of EUR 50-60 / MWh from wind Impact on assessing energy mix: Significant driver are profile costs, esp. reduced utilization of stable base-load plants (nuclear and thermal plants) by volatile wind power Integration costs can become an economic barrier to deploying VRE at high shares Economic evaluation of wind and solar power must not neglect integration costs Market Value of Variable Renewables decreases with increasing share in the energy mix Source: System LCOE: what are the costs of Variable Renewables? by F. Ueckerdt, L. Hirth, G. Luderer, and O. Edenhofer, Working Paper first published January 2013 8 8
Electricity prices in Europe (especially Germany) indicate Variable Renewables come at a cost: grid stability Household electricity prices 2008-2015 (EUR/kWh) 0,35 Industry electricity prices 2008-2015 (EUR/kWh) 0,16 0,30 0,25 0,20 0,15 0,10 0,05 0,00 VRE* penetration: BE (%) DE (%) DK (%) 08 H1 0,7 7,0 17,6 09 H1 1,3 8,3 19,2 10 H1 2,1 9,0 20,5 11 H1 3,5 11,0 23,8 12 H1 5,2 12,6 26,3 13 H1 EU-28 Belgium Germany Denmark 6,7 13,9 31,0 14 H1 +25% 15 15 H1H2 Note: *VRE = Variable Renewable Energy sources, i.e. Wind and Solar Source: Eurostat Electricity price statistics (May 2016), Eurostat SHARES 2014 for VRE penetrations 2008-2014, OECD / IEA Electricity 2016 edition for VRE penetration 2015 8,0 16,1 36,2 12,5 19,4 51,3 0,14 0,12 0,10 0,08 0,06 0,04 0,02 0,00 08 H1 0,7 7,0 17,6 09 H1 1,3 8,3 19,2 10 H1 2,1 9,0 20,5 EU-28 Belgium Germany Denmark 11 H1 3,5 11,0 23,8 12 H1 5,2 12,6 26,3 13 H1 6,7 13,9 31,0 14 H1 8,0 16,1 36,2 +38% 15 15 H1H2 12,5 19,4 51,3 9 9
Key technical objective of the MYRRHA-project: an Accelerator Driven System MYRRHA An Accelerator Driven System Demonstrate the ADS concept at pre-industrial scale Can operate in critical and sub-critical modes Demonstrate transmutation Fast neutron source multipurpose and flexible irradiation facility Target main reaction spallation output 2 10 17 n/s material LBE (coolant) Accelerator particles protons beam energy 600 MeV beam current 2.4 to 4 ma Reactor power 65 to 100 MW th k eff 0,95 spectrum fast coolant LBE 10
MYRRHA Present status Source: 12
Pool-type: MYRRHA rev. 1.6 at the End of 2014 Size reduction Po issue O 2 concentration control Optimisation requested 13
Option 0-D: evolution of existing design with innovative heat exchangers Layout of main components 14
MYRRHA reactor design update Four MYRRHA primary system design options investigated to reduce the dimension of the reactor vessel (& associated cost) Option Reactor type Description 0 Pool Updated rev. 1.6 Innovative IVFHM & double-walled PHX 1 Pool Reduced size Innovative IVFHM & double-walled PHX Option 0 is now the reference design under further optimisation 2 Loop Bottom loading Existing IVFHM concept & external doublewalled PHX 3 Loop Top loading 15
MYRRHA linac: Design frozen since 2014 16
Masterplan 100 MeV ~ 125 m Proton Target Facility Auxiliaries ~ 125 m Beam line RF-gallery Cryogenics Front-end building 17
Building architecture Level 00 open facility user accessible targets technical working area LINAC injector accelerator utilities strict access control Major source term 18
Building architecture Front views front-end building sand shielding PTF accelerator utilities building 19
Masterplan Full MYRRHA ~ 500 m ~ 200 m REACTOR BUILDING LINAC FRONT- END 20
MYRRHA Accelerator specific requirements Source: 21
22 Specific requirements of MYRRHA Accelerator High power proton beam (up to 2.4 MW) Proton energy 600 MeV Beam current Repetition rate 0.1 to 4.0 ma CW, 250 Hz Beam duty cycle 10-4 to 1 Beam power stability Beam footprint on reactor window Beam footprint stability # of allowed beam trips on reactor longer than 3 sec # of allowed beam trips on reactor longer than 0.1 sec # of allowed beam trips on reactor shorter than 0.1 sec < ± 2% on a time scale of 100ms Circular 85mm < ± 10% on a time scale of 1s 10 maximum per 3-month operation period 100 maximum per day unlimited Extreme reliability level: MTBF > 250 hrs 22
Roadmap to Reliability Design Major accelerator labs in Europe as well as specific industrial partners Incorporating fault tolerant schemes Validation with reliability model Reviewed by panel of international accelerator peers Prototyping Key elements: Ion source, LEBT, RFQ, CH cavities, etc. Set-up of an experimental test-bench: 5.9MeV accelerator @CRC, UCL in LLN Hands-on experience for the team, return on experience for manufacturing phase, start of engineering work in view of the construction and integration Scenario 1 100MeV Representative unit in view of the 600MeV Implementation of fault tolerant schemes Testing and validation of technological choices Evaluation of the reliability goal for the full MYRRHA Linac Applications (Lucia s presentation) 23
Accelerator components Ion source LEBT Chopper RFQ CH NC cavities Single spoke cryomodules Elliptical cryomodules 24
Ion source LEBT Chopper 25
RFQ Radiofrequency quadrupole First accelerating structure 4--rod 30keV 1.5MeV 176.1MHz 4m long aluminium structure Stems: OFHC Copper &Thick copper plating Complex water cooling system 26
CH room temperature cavities Second accelerating section 1.5MeV 17MeV 176.1MHz Stainless steel structures Thin copper plating 27
Single spoke cavity cryomodules 28
Single spoke cavity 29
Elliptical cavity cryomodules Fourth and fifth accelerating section 100MeV 600MeV Superconducting RF structures 100 200MeV: double spoke or elliptical cavities (352.2 or 704.4MHz) 200 600MeV: elliptical cavities (704.4MHz) 2 cavity cryomodules: ~ 3m long 4 cavity cryomodules: ~ 8m long 30
Pre-Licensing & Licensing status Source: 31
Large effort devoted to pre-licensing / licensing Since 2010 contractual relation with FANC/Bel-V (BE licensing authority and its TSO) for pre-licensing of MYRRHA ADS, resulted in: 4 design guidelines DOPF (Design Option Provisions file) in 4 volumes 57 focus points identified At end of March 2017 Design guidelines (seismic, aircraft crash, flooding, safety approach) applied in design version 1.6 DOPF : 4 volumes produced and submitted to FANC (V1&2 iterated already 2 times) 167 Deliverables produced and submitted to FANC/Bel-V (addressing the 57 FCs): iterative process each deliverable requesting 2 to 3 iterations) : 70% iterated First opinion on licensability expected between Sept. Dec. 2017 Licensing of MYRRHA Accelerator 100 MeV started in 2016 32
MYRRHA & P&T Source: 33
MYRRHA R&D applications portfolio SNF*/ Waste Fission GEN IV Multipurpose hybrid Research Reactor for High-tech Applications Fusion Fundamental research *SNF = Spent Nuclear Fuel Radio-isotopes SMR LFR Source: SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team, MYRRHA Business Plan 34
Transmutation is the better solution for Spent Nuclear Fuel SNF 1000 transmutation of spent fuel spent fuel reprocessing no reprocessing ~300 year +10,000 year +300,000 year Natural Uranium 1 *SNF = Spent Nuclear Fuel Duration Reduction 1.000x Volume Reduction 100x Source: European Commission Strategy Paper on Partitioning & Transmutation (2005), SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team 35
Partitioning & Transmutation Spent nuclear fuel current EU strategy is: Onsite in-pool or dry storage Reprocessing in (few) centralized and dedicated plants (1yr): here U&Pu is removed from the spent fuel Disposal: Superficial for LLW and ILW (half lives ~10 3 yrs) Geological for HLW (half lives ~ 10 6 yrs) Storage ( to wait ) vs. treatment ( to use nature against nature ): To reduce radiotoxicity of MAs, we can to fission them The ratio Fission/Capture is more favorable with fast neutrons To reduce radiotoxicity of LLFPs, they should undergo several neutron captures 36
Three options for Minor Actinide transmutation Studied in ARCAS FP7 project EU is presently considering two approaches for transmutation: via FR or ADS FR heterogeneous FR homogeneous ADS Driver fuel Blanket with MA Fuel with MA Blanket Fuel with MA Core safety parameters limit the amount of MA that can be loaded in the critical core for transmutation, leading to transmutation rates of: FR = 2 to 4 kg/twh ADS = 35 kg/twh (based on a 400 MW th EFIT design) 37
Even with completely different national NE policies European solution for HLW works with ADS Spent fuel A Reprocessing A Reprocessing B Pu + MA MA ADS fuel fabrication Pu + MA ADS fuel reprocessing ADS Spent fuel ADS GROUP A SHARED REGIONAL FACILITIES Advantages for A ADS shared with B ADS burn A s Pu& MA Smaller Fu-Cycle units & shared Pu MOX Fabrication UOX Fabrication Enriched U PWR MOX PWR UOX Spent fuel B GROUP B Scenario 1 objective: elimination of A s spent fuel by 2100 A = Countries Phasing Out, B = Countries Continuing Advantages for B ADS shared with B ADS burn B s MA A s uses B s Pu (part) as resource in FR FR fleet not contam with MA s Smaller Fu-Cycle units & shared 38
Phased implementation & high level planning Source: 39
Phase 2 600 MeV Phase 3 Reactor Phase 1 100 MeV MYRRHA s phased implementation strategy LEBT 0.03 MeV 1.5 MeV 5.9 MeV RFQ RT-CH sec on SC-CH sec on 17 MeV MEBT 70 kw dump #1 80 100 MeV Spoke linac 352.2 MHz 48 cav., l=73 m Benefits of phased approach: RT-CH cavity SC-CH cavity #2 Reducing technical risk Spreading investment cost LEBT 4-rod RFQ thermal mockup SC-CH cavity spoke cryomodule single spoke cavity power coupler cold tuning system First R&D facility available in Mol end of 2024 5 element ellip cal cavity ellip cal cavity envelope with cold tuning mechanism design of the test cryomodule for the ellip cal cavity 700 MHz Solid State RF amplifier prototyping Source:SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team 40
Phased implementation plan MYRRHA Project (2016-2030) > Implementation High-Level overview 1 st Facility at Mol in 2024 Source: SCK CEN MYRRHA Project Team Phase 1: 16-24 Phase 2&3: 25-30 41
Conclusions ADS is not anymore an Emerging Nuclear Energy System It has accomplished many impressive progresses in various fields, thanks to MYRRHA: Accelerator technology Pb and Pb-Bi technology HLM instrumentation (O 2 -meters, Flow meters, US-Visu, Sub-criticality monitoring, etc ) Material behavior in HLM (corrosion, erosion LME, etc ) ZPR experiments (FEAT/TARC, MUSE, YALINA, GUINEVERE, ) Large Scale HLM reactor mock-ups (ESCAPE, CLEAR-S) What is then the danger for this technology? Not to succeed to cross the valley of death for moving from R&D enthusiasm compensating small money to preindustrial scale needing large money, rigorous industrial approach and severe safety and licensing judgement 42
A jump in the future for pioneering innovation in Europe Through a pan-european Reasearch Facility in Belgium For turning a safe, clean and concentrated energy source into: A sustainable & safer energy for humanity in a cleaner environment 43
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