GETTING TO NET-ZERO Energy Efficiency, GeoExchange Systems and Renewable Energy MiAPPA Winter 2010 Jan Culbertson, AIA, LEED AP Sr. Principal A3C Collaborative Architecture James Hardin, P.E. Sr. VP of Engineering Hardin Geotechnologies, Inc.
350 PPM CO2 "If humanity wishes to preserve a planet similar to that on which civilization developed and to which life on Earth is adapted, paleoclimate evidence and ongoing climate change suggest that CO2 will need to be reduced from its current 385 ppm to at most 350 ppm. James Hansen NASA
GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS BY SECTOR 1.Buildings 2. Transportation 3. Industry (Buildings = 43% of U.S. CO2 emissions)
ENERGY INDEPENDENCE & SECURITY ACT OF 2007 (EISA 2007) DOE s Building Technologies Program calls for commercially marketable NZEB s by 2025
NET-ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS (NZEB) As defined by ASHRAE are buildings which, on an annual basis, use no more energy than is provided by on-site renewable energy sources.
MAJOR U.S. INITIATIVES Architecture 2030 Challenge is reducing fossil fuel consumption to be Carbon Neutral by 2030 ASHRAE Vision 2020 developing tools to design, construct, and operate NZEB's by 2030 USGBC LEED v3.0 2009: ASHRAE 90.1-2007 prerequisite +10% for NC / +5% for Renovation USGBC-Cascadia Chapter s Living Building Challenge sets forth 16 prerequisites that all buildings must meet, including NZEB
IMPACT OF 2030 CHALLENGE TARGET REDUCTIONS
CURRENT ENERGY CODES IN THE U.S. ASHRAE 189.1 1 st code-intended commercial green building standard
ENERGY USE IN OFFICE BUILDINGS Average U.S. facility has an EUI* of ~92 kbtu/sf/yr * Energy Use Intensity 2003 Commercial Building Energy Consumption Survey on energy use in office buildings The Department of Energy s Energy Information Administration
Lewis Center for Environmental Studies ENERGY USE RENEWABLE SUPPLY NET ENERGY USE OBERLIN COLLEGE 9.4 kwh/sf-yr* 10.7 kwh/ft 2 -yr -1.3 kwh/ft 2 -yr SIZE: 13,600 f t 2 1½ floors COMPLETED: Building: 2000 Parking Lot PV: 2006 *Average over 7 year period
East-West Axis for Passive Solar Heating Concrete Floors & Exposed Masonry Walls retain & Reradiate Heat R-13 Insulation in Walls & Floors / R-30 in Roof BUILDING ENVELOPE
Expansive South Facing Windows Clerestories & North Facing Offices Light-Colored Interior Surfaces Efficient Fixtures, Dimmers & Sensors LIGHTING
Closed-Loop, Ground Source Heat Pump System Radiant Floor Heating in the Atrium 60- and 100kW PV Systems HVAC & RENEWABLE SYSTEMS
Electricity Performance J.E. Peterson, 2007. Production & Consumption of Electricity at Oberlin College s Lewis Center for Environmental Studies
ENERGY USE 6.6 kwh/sf-yr The Science House RENEWABLE SUPPLY 9.5 kwh/ft 2 -yr NET ENERGY USE -2.9 kwh/ft 2 -yr THE SCIENCE MUSEUM MINNESOTA SIZE: 1,530 f t 2 COMPLETED: Building: 2003
East-West Axis for Passive Solar Heating Concrete Mass Floors R-28 Icynene Insulation in Walls / R-40 in Roof High Performance Windows BUILDING ENVELOPE
Occupancy Sensors Throughout Calibrated Daylight Controlled Dimming System Super T-8 Lamps LIGHTING
Exchange-Loop, Ground Source Heat Pump System Multi-Modal Natural Ventilation Integrated Roof PV System HVAC & RENEWABLE SYSTEMS
LEGEND
Newark Center ELECTRICITY REDUCTION NATURAL GAS REDUCTION CO2 REDUCTION OHLONE COLLEGE 69% 72% 421 tons Net-zero energy consumption from Apr 08 Aug 08 SIZE: 130,000 GSF COMPLETED: Building: 2008 ANNUAL G AS & ELECTRIC COST COMBINED: $63,052 / $0.48 SF
Glass Fiber Reinforced Concrete Dual Pane Glazed Glass Cotton (Blue Jean) Insulation Combination Metal & Membrane Roof BUILDING ENVELOPE
Occupancy Sensors & Preset Dimming Features Throughout High-Efficiency, Direct/Indirect Fixtures Maximum Daylighting LIGHTING
Closed-Loop, Ground Coupled Heat Pump System - 26 miles Energy Recovery Enthalpy Wheels 713 MWh, 38,000 sf Photovoltaic Array HVAC & RENEWABLE SYSTEMS
ENERGY TRANSPARENCY
GEOTHERMAL (GEOEXCHANGE)
THINKING OUTSIDE THE SMOKESTACK Aggressive deployment of geothermal could save the U.S. up to $38 billion by 2030 (DOE) Geoexchange systems have the lowest total CO2 emissions of all major heating-and-cooling technologies for all regions of the U.S. (EPA, 1999) Geoexchange systems significantly reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. How can you have a smaller carbon footprint?
ROLE IN CO2 EMISSION REDUCTION Major Deployment of Geoexchange Systems Underway in the U.S., Europe and Asia. Improvements in Field Design: Materials, Efficiencies, Installations Improvements in Equipment & Building Systems Design: Efficiencies & Integration
BEST PRACTICES: OPTIONS Field Options Take Advantage of Site Resources Vertical Horizontal Pond/Lake Hybrid Use Fluids to Shift Loads Within the Building Integrate Other Building Systems Hot Water Solar PV
GEOEXCHANGE IN A NZEB Natural Gas is Virtually Eliminated Electric Power Consumption Benefits: Load factor is increased to more closely match renewable production Total power consumption is reduced
GEOEXCHANGE IN A NZEB Less Equipment is installed, no cooling towers or boilers Equipment longevity is 3x longer, lower landfill impact Eliminates boiler blowdown water, cooling tower water use and related chemical treatment, ice machine condenser cooling water, etc.
GEOEXCHANGE ON CAMPUS Several examples of the growing number of single building installations to campus utility Geoexchange installations
MURRAY STATE UNIVERSITY Vertical bores were installed to support a library, combination of expansion and retrofit First installed as a privately owned utility Over time it was expanded University used a bond to purchase the system Utility savings exceed 60% for heating & cooling
LAWRENCE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY The new Student Services building demonstrates geothermal at work 88-300 FT bores No boiler, furnace, or gas meter Signage Shows the System Design & Operation Credit: LTU
UNIVERSITY OF TOLEDO Indoor Practice Facility Most advanced multi-use facility of it s kind in US Opening in Feb, 2010 90,400 SF ROI under 3 years Provides heating & cooling with same equipment 42 bores, 300 feet deep under the arena space was a critical issue
UNIVERSITY OF BRITTISH COLUMBIA Okanagan Campus Campus-Wide Geoexchange System 88% CO2 emission reduction (2,959 Tons/yr) equivalent to taking 14,000 cars off the road over the next two decade. $610,000 per year savings--offsetting the total project s capital cost in only 10 years.
BALL STATE UNIVERSITY Installing the largest system now underway in the USA.
ANNUAL Fuel Savings ~$2.0 M C02 Reductions ~80,000 Campus Carbon Footprint Reduction ~50%
WHAT S AROUND THE CORNER Utility Systems: Campus or Citywide Economically Brings Energy Resource to Users Provides Geo to Otherwise Landlocked Facilities High Temp. Hot Water Production
WHAT S AROUND THE CORNER Co-Generation: Use Waste Energy from Power Plants to Supplement the Geothermal Field Hybrid Systems: Use Geo to Cool Solar Panels Solar Thermal & Geo
WHAT S AROUND THE CORNER Reducing Cost: Improved Ground Installation Methods and Equipment Advanced Heat Exchangers Higher Outputs Less Space High Efficiency Heat Exchangers Reduce Drilling Footage
AQUIFER THERMAL STORAGE SYSTEM Credit: Richard Stockton College of New Jersey Richard Stockton College, NJ Augments GSHPs to heat and cool 5 buildings Stores cool water in the cool wells in winter (blue) and warm water in the warm wells in summer (red) 600 800 tons of cooling capacity
REDUCING COST & CO2 EMISSIONS Geothermal can assume 70% of the total heating, cooling, hot water, etc. loads for campus buildings in the USA. Water use will be reduced Scrap loads into landfills go down Maintenance costs are reduced All at very good ROI
PATH TO NET ZERO Collaborate Innovate Integrate Evaluate