Pigs Lecture 1 ANS 101 / VET 242 2012 Yvette Miller, Kim Nairn, and Kate Gannon Murdoch University Portec Veterinary Services
Pig industry overview Why are pigs important? How did the pig industry develop? What pig breeds are involved? How is the industry structured? What are the key performance indicators? What influences these key performance indicators?
Why are pigs important? Meat 40% of the global meat consumption Skin and leather products Pharmaceutical products heart valves Pleasure and company pet pigs
MEAT Yes all from one wonderful, magical animal!
Pork cuts
Country Millions of pigs China 460 (62% global pork eaten in China) India 17 Indonesia 6 Korea North 3 Korea South 9 Malaysia 2 Myanmar 4 New Zealand 0.4 Philippines 12 Taiwan 7 Thailand 7 Vietnam 22
Our impact on the planet The Carbon Footprint of Pork Food kg CO 2 -e/kg (20 years) kg CO 2 -e/kg (100 years) Beef 111.1 55.5 Sheep meat and wool 96.3 32.7 Pig meat 10.5 3.5 Rice 2.4 0.74 Poultry 1.3 0.38 Wheat 0.35 0.32
The Artiodactyla even toes Pigs Also cattle and camels And even related to the whales - Ambulocetus
One of the early pigs Entelodont
Today's suina - suborder Hippopotamdae Tayassuidae Suidae
Sus scrofa The domestic pig Large white Landrace Hampshire Duroc
Berkshire Tamworth Meishan Duroc x LW
Meishan
How did the pig industry develop Small numbers of pigs per farmer Side business to other farming = grain production and/or dairy (to use by-products)
Feeding pigs in WA Barley and Wheat = main grains (energy) Lupins and canola = protein. Swill feeding is illegal: Meat and bone meal does not count (heat treated) Definition is different between states of Australia
The global change in pork $
Pork price, feed price and farmers
Where are the pigs? Where is the grain? State Percentage NSW 30 Queensland 21 Victoria 19 South Australia 17 Western Australia 12
Sows Producers Western Australia Sow Herd WA 50000 1000 40000 800 30000 20000 600 400 Sows Producers 10000 200 0 0 1992 2001 2004 2007 Year 26,000 sows. Major foreign market Singapore
How is the industry structured? Males (boars) Nucleus farm 500 sows Multiplication farms 6000 sows Females (gilts) Commercial farms 90,000 sows
How is the farm designed Weaning Farrowing Grow/finish Basic Pig Life Cycle Gestation 115 days Selection Slaughter Breeding Nucleus farm
Lets walk the farm Breeder shed Gestation shed Farrowing shed Weaner shed Grower/Finisher shed And speak the jargon and key performance indicators as we go
Breeder shed Boar entire male Barrow/Castrate surgically castrated Gilt birth to first litter female Sow breeding female has had a litter
Breeder / Gestation shed key performance indicators Breeding/service/mating As implied Wean to service/breeding interval Number of days between weaning and breeding Repeat/Return Failure to conceive (18-24 days) Farrowing rate Number females farrowed/number females bred Culling Removal from herd/farm (eg. parity >6) Wean to re-mate (service) interval Sow feed in tonnes / year Target Interference 5 days >7 days 1.1 >1.2 Farrowing rate 87 % <82 %
Gestation shed Parity = Number of farrowings. Gestation = state of pregnancy Dry Sow = period other than lactating
Farrowing shed Litter = group of piglets reared by a sow Piglet/Sucker = piglet still on a sow Farrowing = parturition / giving birth Lactating = producing milk
Farrowing shed key performance indicators Pigs born alive/sow Pre-weaning mortality Pigs sold per sow per year Target Interference 10.9 <10.4 10 % >14% 23 <21.5 Pre-weaning mortality % piglet deaths between birth and weaning
Mummified foetus or Mummy Target <1.5% Interference >2.5% Stillborn Target <7% Interference >10%
Processing piglets Teeth clipping Castration Iron injection Ear notching Tail docking
More jargon for farrowing shed Fostering practice of swapping piglets across litters Colostrum antibody rich milk Body condition score
Weaner shed Weaning removing piglets from the sow (usually 3-5 wks; 5-12kg) Weaner piglet from weaning until 10 weeks (30kg)
Grower/Finisher Shed Grower (30-60kg; 10-16 wks) Finisher (60-110kg; 16-26 wks)
Post-weaning key performance indicators Target Interference Post-weaning mortality Feed conversion ratio (4-100kg) Average daily gain (g/day) 3% 5% 2.2 >2.4 570 <520 Post-weaning mortality = % piglet deaths after weaning
What influences the key performance indicators? 1. ANIMAL: Genetics 2. ENVIRONMENT (examples): FEED particle size, FCR, mash vs steam pelleted diets. WATER water access, flow rates AIR gases, drafts, temperature FLOOR stocking rate Code of Welfare - Pigs
Web resource http://www.portec.com.au