Name: Pd: Biology A: Chapter 9 Annotating Notes Protein Synthesis -As you read your textbook, please fill out these notes. -Read each paragraph state the big/main idea on the left side. -On the right side you should take notes that support this big idea. -Make sure you go through each figure they are there to teach you.
Big Idea Pg 233: Read and annotate the first two paragraphs (write what you are thinking as you read, take notes, make connections, add things that will help you remember the information): Annotations (complete sentences) Pg 234-236: 9.1: Genetic Material: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5: Paragraph 6:
Paragraph 7: Paragraph 8: Page 235 Figure 9.1 Describe the flow of information in the expression of genetic information: Page 236 Figure 9.3 Describe the structure of the molecule trna Page 237 Figure 9.4 What is the genetic code? How does in impact protein synthesis Questions for section 9.1 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 1. What portion of DNA and RNA are essential in sending genetic messages? 2. What does template mean? 3. What is a protein s primary structure?
4. Define transcription 5. Define translation 6. How many different types of RNA are there? Name them below. 7. How many.. a. amino acids are there? b. different types of nucleotides are there in DNA? c. different types of nucleotides are there in RNA? d. nucleotides make a codon in mrna? e. nucleotides make an anticodon in trna? 8. Refer to figure 9.4. In the genetic code, how many a. codons are there? b. START codons are there? Specify the codon(s) c. STOP codons are there? Specify the codon(s) 9. Can one amino acid have more than one codon? 10. Can one codon code for more than one amino acid? Pg. 214-216: 9.2 Importance of Proteins:
Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Questions for section 9.2 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 11. Each type of protein has a particular structure. Thus, each one has a particular function, answer each of the following questions based structure and function.. a. Name 2 examples and describe the function of structural proteins that make up tissues or portion of cells. : 1. 2. b. Describe the function of enzymes. c. Describe the role of hemoglobin. d. Name an example of a hormone and describe its function. Pg. 240 244: 9.3 Transcription
Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5: Paragraph 6: Page 241 Figure 9.9 Distinguish between the 3 types of RNA: Pg 242 Figure 9.10 Which RNA nucleotides pair up with which DNA nucleotides: Page 243 Figure 9.11 Describe the 3 stages of transcription: Questions for section 9.3 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 12. Name the enzyme involved in the synthesis of RNA 13. Where in the cell does RNA synthesis occur?
14. Describe the function of each of the different types of RNA: a. Messenger RNA (mrna) b. Transfer RNA (trna) c. Ribosomal RNA (rrna) 15. True or False? a. Thymine is found in both DNA and RNA. b. Uracil is found only in RNA. c. Thymine in DNA pairs with adenine in RNA. d. Adenine in DNA pairs with uracil in RNA. e. Only one strand of double-stranded DNA serves as the coding strand for RNA. 16. List the nucleotide sequence on RNA that would be complementary to the following sequence on DNA: A T T A C G C G G T C A G T A 17. Describe what happens during each of the following stages of transcription: a. Initiation b. Elongation c. Termination Pg. 244-246 9.4: RNA Processing:
Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5: Paragraph 6: Page 245 Figure 9.13 Describe mrna processing Page 246 Figure 9.14 Sketch a molecule of trna Questions for section 9.4 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 18. After transcription, all 3 types of RNA in eukaryotic cells are modified, or processed. a. Where in the cell does this processing occur? b. What is added to the starting end of the mrna molecule? c. What is added at the tail end of the mrna molecule? d. Explain the functions of this cap and tail on the mrna molecule. e. What are the portions of the RNA called that do NOT code for protein and are removed during processing?
f. The parts of the RNA that DO code for protein are called g. What does splicing mean? h. In the processing of trna, the molecule takes on a cloverleaf shape. Read fig. 9.14. Name the 2 important sites on this trna molecule. i. Read Focus On Introns. Prokaryotes do NOT contain introns. What is the advantage of introns in eukaryotic cells? j. In the processing of rrna, what is added to the RNA so that it forms a ribosome? Pg. 247-251 9.5: Translation: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5:
Paragraph 6: Paragraph 7: Paragraph 8: Page 249 Figure 9.16 Describe how translation in initiated Page 250 Figure 9.17 Describe how the protein (polypeptide chain) is elongated Page 251 Figure 9.18 Draw a detailed sketch of how transcription and translation occurs in eukaryotic cells. Questions for section 9.5 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 19. Name the organelle where translation occurs. 20. What does trna charging mean?
21. What does the anticodon on trna complement pair with during translation? 22. On the ribosome, there are 3 sites. Give the function of each. a. The P site b. The A site c. The E site 23. Initiation stage of translation: a. What supplies energy? b. Name the start (or initiator) codon on mrna c. Name the amino acid that the first trna will carry to this first codon on mrna d. Name the site on the ribosome where initiation occurs 24. Elongation stage of translation: a. While the previous trna-amino acid combination sits on the site of the ribosome, a new trna carries a new amino acid to the site on the ribosome. b. Name the bond that forms between two adjacent amino acids c. After this bond is made, the entire ribosome moves down the mrna so that the old site becomes the new site on the ribosome. d. The uncharged trna leaves the ribosome from the site. e. What supplies energy for the movement of the ribosome? (p. 249) 25. Termination stage of translation: a. List the codons that signal the end of translation: b. Are there trna anticodons that complement pair with these stop codons? c. What binds to stop codons?
Pg 252-253 9.6: Transport & Modification of Proteins: Paragraph 3: Page 252 Figure 9.19 Describe what this figure is teaching you Questions for section 9.6 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 26. What must happen to protein chains before they can become functional? Give examples. 27. Explain the process involved in transporting proteins out of a eukaryotic cell. Make sure you include the 2 organelles involved in this. Pg. 253 254 9.7:Translation Errors:
Paragraph 3: Page 253 Figure 9.20 What happens when there is a change in the reading frame during translation? Questions for section 9.7 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 28. a. What is a frame shift error? b. What might cause this? Pg 254-255 9.8: Genetic Information & Viruses: Paragraph 3: Paragraph 4: Paragraph 5:
Page 255 Figure 9.21 What are some major differences between the two types of viruses shown? Page 256 Figure 9.22 Describe both the lytic and the lysogenic cycles of how viruses replicate. Questions for section 9.8 (to be completed along with annotating this section) Viruses are acellular, meaning they are not cells. They depend on other cells in order to survive. 29. Define bacteriophage 30. Viruses are made primarily of 2 types of organic compounds. Name them. 31. Contrast the 2 ways that viruses can replicate: a. Lytic b. Lysogenic 32. Are antibiotics effective against viral infections? Why or why not?
Pg 256-257 9.9: Impact of Viruses: Paragraph 3: Questions for section 9.9 (to be completed along with annotating this section) 33.Read Focus on Reverse Transcription. a. What is reverse transcription? b. Name an example of a retrovirus.