Organic Agriculture Worldwide: Key results from the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide 2018

Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL info.suisse@fibl.org, Organic Agriculture Worldwide: Key results from the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide 2018 Part 2: Land use and key crops in organic agriculture 2016 Julia Lernoud and Helga Willer Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FIBL), Frick, Switzerland FiBL 2018

Organic Agriculture Worldwide: Key results from the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide 2018: Part 1: Global data and survey background Data compiled by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Frick, Switzerland, based on national data sources and data from certifiers. Data as published February 2018 in FiBL & IFOAM Organics International (2018) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2018. Frick and Bonn For updates check www.organic-world.net This presentation is available online at: http://www.organicworld.net/yearbook/yearbook2018/slide-presentations.html Texts and graphs: Helga Willer and Julia Lernoud; Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, FiBL, Frick, Switzerland Contact: Helga Willer, helga.willer@fibl.org, and Julia Lernoud, julia.lernoud@fibl.org, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture, FiBL, Frick, Switzerland Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Frick, Switzerland, February, 2018 2

Acknowledgements* The Swiss State Secretariat of Economic Affairs SECO, Berne International Trade Centre ITC Nürnberg Messe, the organizers of the BIOFACH World Organic Trade Fair IFOAM Organics International 200 experts from all parts of the world contributed to the FiBL survey 2018. * See also disclaimer on last page of this slide show 3

The World of Organic Agriculture 2018 The 19th edition of The World of Organic Agriculture, was published by FiBL and IFOAM in February 2018.* Contents: Results of the survey on organic agriculture worldwide; Organic agriculture in the regions and country reports; Australia, Canada, the Pacific Islands, Ukraine, and The United States of America. Chapters on the global market, standards & legislations, PGS, policy support, European market. Numerous tables and graphs. Commodity case studies: Chapter on organic cotton Overview of the state of other Voluntary Sustainability Standards The book can be ordered via IFOAM.bio and shop.fibl.org. *Willer, H, Lernoud, J, (2018) The World of Organic Agriculture. Statistics and Emerging Trends 2018. FiBL, Frick, and, IFOAM Organics International, Bonn 4

Website www.organic-world.net Detailed statistics in excel format Graphs & Maps Data revisions News and background information 5

About this presentation There are 3 presentations summarizing the key results of the FiBL survey on organic agriculture worldwide 2018 (data 2016). Apart from the global data, key results on crop and on regional data are presented. More information is available at www.organic-world.net The following three presentations are available at http://www.organicworld.net/yearbook/yearbook2018/slide-presentations.html : Part 1: Global data 2016 and survey background Part 2: Land use and key crops in organic agriculture 2016 Part 3: Organic agriculture in the regions 2016 6

The 19th Survey on organic agriculture world-wide The 19th survey on organic agriculture worldwide was carried out by the Research Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL in cooperation with partners from all around the world. The results were published jointly by FiBL and IFOAM Organics International. The survey was carried out between July 2017 and February 2018. Data were received from 178 countries. Updated data on area and producers were available for 150 countries. Data was provided by almost 200 country experts (representatives from NGOs, certification bodies, governments, researchers). The following data was collected: area data (including land use and crop details); producers, other operator types; domestic market values; export and import data; and livestock data (animal heads and production in metric tons); The results are published in the yearbook The World of Organic Agriculture 2018 and at www.organic-world.net. 7

World: Distribution of organic areas 2016 Distribution of all organic areas in 2016 Wild collection 40% Other 0.4% Agricultural land and crops 59% Agricultural land (57.8 million hectares in 2016) Cropland Arable land (cereals, vegetables etc.) Permanent crops (fruit, grapes, olives ) Cropland, no details (arable land and permanent crops with no further details) Permanent grassland Other agricultural land Non-agricultural areas (39.7 million hectares in 2016) Wild collection/bee keeping (39.3 million hectares) Forest Aquaculture Grazing areas on non-agricultural land 8

World: Use of organic agricultural land 2016 (total: 57.8 million hectares) Distribution of main land use types and crop categories 2016 ; based on information from the private sector, certifiers, and governments. Other/No details 8% Arable land crops 18% Permanent crops 8% Permanent grassland 66% 9

Main land use types in organic agriculture 2016 The chart of the share of land use types in the regions shows: For a large part of the organic agricultural land in both Africa (11%) and Asia (34%), land use information is not available Africa has a large proportion of permanent crops (58%); these are mainly cash crops such as coffee, nuts, olives, and cocoa. Europe and North America use about half of their organic agricultural land as grassland, and the other half is arable land. In Europe the share of permanent crops is higher than in North America, mainly due to olives and grapes grown in the Mediterranean countries. Latin America has little arable land and permanent crops land compared to the large grazing areas (Uruguay and Argentina). It has a comparatively high share of permanent crops (mainly coffee and cocoa). Oceania is characterized by the large grazing areas of Australia. The Pacific Islands produce a large range of permanent crops, such as coconuts; New Zealand produces a lot of grapes and temperate fruits. 10

WORLD: ORGANIC LAND USE 2016 10.6 Mio ha arable land +9% more permanent crops 66% 63% grassland grassland 39.3 Mio ha of wild collection Arable land constitutes 18% of the world s organic agricultural land, and 0.7% of the world s arable crop land. It increased by 6.2% over 2015. North America Asia Africa Latin Ameri ca Europ e 4.5 Mio ha, which is 2.8% of the world s permanent cropland, and a 8% share of the organic agricultural land. North America Africa Asia Latin America Oceania Europe 38 Mio ha of grassland, and an almost 17% increase compared with 2015. Latin America Europe North America Oceania The organic wild collection areas are concentrated in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Asia Africa Latin Ameri ca Europe Cereals Coffee Australia 5 Finland 5 Green fodder Olives Argentina 4 Zambia 4 Oilseeds Nuts Uruguay 3 India 3 Dry pulses Grapes Spain 2 Namibia 2 Textile crops Trop. fruit USA 1 Romania 1 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 0.0 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 Million hectares Million hectares Million hectares Million hectares Organic arable land by region 2016 Organic permanent crops by region 2016 Organic permanent grassland Organic wild collection by region 2016 Organic arable land: Key crops 2016 Organic permanent crops: Key crops 2016 by region 2016 Organic wild collection: The five Organic permanet grassland: The five countries with the largest areas 2016 countries with the largest areas 2016 www.organic world.net

World: Agricultural land use by region in organic agriculture 2016 Distribution of main land use types by region 2016 100% Share of organic agricultural land 80% 60% 40% 20% No details Other agricultural land Permanent grassland Permanent crops Arable land crops 0% Africa Asia Europe Latin America Northern America Oceania 12

World: Development of land use types in organic agriculture 2004-2016 Development of the organic land by land use type 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 1999-2018 40 38.0 Million hectares 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 32.6 27.0 28.3 21.8 22.3 22.9 23.1 22.6 22.6 20.1 20.4 20.0 10.0 7.6 8.0 8.5 8.9 10.6 3.5 4.4 4.5 4.9 5.1 5.9 6.5 0.9 1.4 1.4 1.9 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.3 3.4 4.0 4.5 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Arable land crops Permanent crops Permanent grassland 13

World: Use of organic agricultural land 2016 (total: 57.8 million hectares) Distribution of main land use types and crop categories 2016 ; based on information from the private sector, certifiers, and governments. Key arable crops Land use types 2016 Other/No details 8% Arable land crops 18% Cereals Green fodders Oilseeds Dry pulses Textile crops 1.29 0.53 0.50 2.76 4.09 Permanent grassland 66% Permanent crops 8% Coffee Olives Nuts Grapes Fruit, tropical/subtrop 0.0 1.5 3.0 4.5 Million hectares Key permanent crops 0.38 0.36 0.57 0.75 0.93 0.0 0.5 1.0 Million hectares 14

World: Key crop groups in organic agriculture: 2015 and 2016 compared Growth of selected crops between 2015-2016 Source: FiBL survey 2017-2018 Cereals Oilseeds Coffee Olives Dry pulses Vegetables Grapes Tropical and subtropical fruit Cocoa Temperate fruit Citrus fruit 2016 2015 0 1 2 3 4 Million hectares 15

World: Organic grassland/grazing areas 2016 With a total of almost 38 million hectares, the organic grassland/grazing areas constitute over two thirds or 66 percent of the organic agricultural land. The organic grassland/grazing areas account for 1.2 percent of the world s total grassland/grazing areas. An increase of 5.4 million hectares or over16 percent was reported compared with 2015. More than two third of the organic grassland/grazing areas is located in Oceania (almost 70 percent of the organic grassland/grazing area or 26.4 million hectares), followed by Europe (15 percent or 5.6 million hectares) and Latin America (12 percent or 4.4 million hectares). 16

World: Organic permanent grassland/grazing areas by region 2016 (total 38 million hectares) Organic permanent grassland/grazing areas by region 2016 (total 38 million hectares) Latin America 12% North America 4% Other 0.2% Europe 15% Oceania 69% 17

World: Organic arable land 2016 With a total of almost 10.6 million hectares, organic arable land constitutes almost 20 percent of the world s organic agricultural land and 0.7 of the world s arable cropland. An increase of almost 6.3 percent compared with 2015 was reported. Almost 60 percent of the arable land is located in Europe, followed by Asia (23 percent), and North America (11 percent). Most of the arable cropland is used for cereals including rice (4.1 million hectares), green fodder (2.8 million hectares), and oilseeds (1.3 million hectares). 18

World: Organic arable land by region 2016 (total 10.6 million hectares) Distribution of organic arable cropland by region 2016 North America 11% Latin America 4% Africa 5% Asia 23% Europe 57% 19

World: Organic arable land worldwide by main crop groups 2016 (total 10.6 million hectares) Use of organic arable cropland by crop group 2016 Other 14% Textile crops 5% Dry pulses 5% Cereals 38% Oilseeds 12% Green fodder from arable land 26% 20

World: Permanent cropland 2016 Permanent crops account for more than 4.5 million hectares, which is 2.8 percent of the world s permanent cropland. Compared with 2015, an increase of more than 126 000 hectares, or 9 percent, was reported. With 8 percent, permanent cropland has a higher share in organic agriculture than in total agriculture, where it accounts for three percent of the agricultural land. Most of the permanent cropland is in Europe (1.5 million hectares), followed by Africa (1 million hectares), and Latin America (almost 1 million hectares). The most important crop is coffee, with more than 0.9 million hectares constituting 20 percent of the organic permanent cropland, followed by olives (0.7 million hectares), nuts (almost 0.6 million hectares), grapes (almost 0.4 million hectares), and tropical and subtropical fruits (over 0.3 million hectares). 21

World: Organic permanent cropland by region 2016 Distribution of organic permanent cropland by region 2016 Asia 17% Oceania 3% North America 2% Europe 33% Latin America 22% Africa 23% 22

World: Organic permanent cropland worldwide by crop groups 2016 Use of permanent cropland by crop group 2016 Other 19% Coffee 20% Cocoa 8% Coconut 8% Olives 16% Fruit, tropical/subtrop 8% Grapes 8% Nuts 13% 23

World: Organic wild collection and beekeeping 2016 A wild collection area (including beekeeping) of 39.3 million hectares was reported for 2016. The organic wild collection areas are concentrated in Europe, Africa, Asia, and Latin America. The countries with the largest areas are Finland (mainly berries), followed by Zambia (beekeeping), and India. Wild berries, apiculture, and medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as shea nuts in Africa and Brazil nuts in Latin America, play the most important roles. 24

World: Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2016 Distribution of organic wild collection and beekeeping areas by region 2016 Latin America 11% North America 0.2% Asia 16% Europe 42% Africa 31% 25

World: Organic wild collection & beekeeping: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 The ten countries with the largest wild collection and beekeeping areas 2016 Finland Zambia India Namibia Romania (2014) Mexico Brazil (2012) South Africa Tajikistan (2012) Bolivia (2014) 2.0 1.8 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.9 4.2 6.7 11.6 0 5 10 15 Million hectares 26

World: Use of organic wild collection and beekeeping land worldwide 2016 Use of organic wild collection and beekeeping land worldwide 2016 Apiculture 17% Medicinal and aromatic plants, wild 9% Fruit, wild 3% Wild collection no details/other 66% Nuts, wild 3% Oil plants, wild 2.3% 27

World: Organic beehives 2016 There were over 2.1 million organic beehives in 2016, representing almost 2.4 percent of the world s beehives. Organic beehives are concentrated in Latin America (46 percent) and Europe (42 percent). The country with the largest number of organic beehives is Brazil (537 014), followed by Mexico (368 000), and Bulgaria (236 462). Their numbers have increased four-fold since 2007, when over 535 000 beehives were reported. However, it is important to note that some of the increases can be attributed to the continually improving data availability. 28

World: Development of the organic beehives 2007-2016 Development of the organic beehives 2007-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 2'500'000 Beehives 2'000'000 1'500'000 2'057'393 2'132'432 1'000'000 500'000 535'117 527'763 889'913 897'836 939'310 1'064'057 1'129'371 1'068'925 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 29

World: Distribution of organic beehives by region 2016 Distribution of organic beehives by region 2016 Africa 8% Asia 3% North America 1% Latin America 46% Europe 42% 30

World: The ten countries with the largest number of organic beehives 2016 The ten countries with the largest number of organic beehives 2016 Brazil Mexico Bulgaria Italy Ethiopia France Romania Spain Portugal Zambia 122'726 102'767 86'195 69'126 55'167 51'978 195'341 236'462 368'000 537'014 0 100'000 200'000 300'000 400'000 500'000 600'000 Beehives 31

World: Organic aquaculture 2016 A production volume of over 400 000 metric tons of organic aquaculture was reported in 2016. According to the available data, aquaculture production is concentrated in Asia (77 percent, mainly China) and Europe (22 percent). The largest production volume was found in China (over 300 000 metric tons), followed by Ireland (almost 41 000 metric tons, mainly blue mussel, salmon and oysters), and Norway (17 200 metric tons, mainly salmon). The aquaculture production volume has increased by 8 percent compared to 2015. A breakdown by species was only available for less than 20 percent of the total production. According to the available data, organic salmon is the most produced species (almost 40 000 metric tons), followed by mussels (19 000 metric tons), carp (almost 6 000 metric tons), and shrimps (over 3 000 metric tons). 32

World: Organic aquaculture production volume: Distribution by continent and top 10 countries 2016 Distribution of organic aquaculture production volume by region 2016 Europe 22% Latin America 1% Asia 77% The ten countries with the largest aquaculture production volume 2016 China Ireland Norway Romania Viet Nam Italy Denmark Spain Costa Rica Hungary 40'873 17'200 10'840 10'800 5'492 4'093 3'402 3'175 2'672 308'003 0 200'000 400'000 Metric tons 33

World: Organic aquaculture production volume: Distribution by species and key species 2016 Distribution of organic aquaculture production volume by species 2016 Key organic aquaculture species by production volume 2016 Salmon 10% Mussels 5% Carps 1% Shrimps 1% Trout 0.5% Salmon Mussels Carps 5'645 19'232 39'735 Sturgeon 0.4% Shrimps 3'463 Trout 1'892 Other/No details 83% Sturgeon 1'751 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 Metric tons 34

World: Organic cereals 2016 At least 4.1 million hectares of cereals were under organic management in 2016. Comparing the organic figure with FAO s figure for the world s harvested cereal area of 718 million hectares in 2016 (FAOSTAT), 0.6 percent of the total cereal area is under organic management. Cereals include wheat, spelt, barley, oats, grain maize, rice, rye, and triticale. The key cereal producers worldwide, according to FAO, are India (98.5 million hectares), China (96.3 million hectares), the United States (58.5 million hectares), and the Russian Federation (44.4 million hectares). Of these four countries, information on the organic cereal area was available for all except India, and for the Russian Federation data is not complete. China (over 811 000 hectares), Italy (almost 300 000 hectares), and the United States (over 281 000 hectares) are the largest organic cereal producers. In China, 0.8 percent of the total cereal area was organic, and in Italy, the organic cereal area represented 9.2 percent of the total cereal area, one of the highest organic shares. Some countries reach organic shares that are far higher than the global organic cereal share of 0.6 percent. For example, Austria (13 percent), Sweden (10.5 percent), Estonia (9.8 percent), Italy (9.2 percent), and Lithuania (7.6 percent) greatly exceed the global share. As some of the world s large cereal producers (such as India and the Russian Federation) provided little or no land use and crop details, it can be assumed that the cereal area is larger than what is shown here. The organic cereal area has more than trebled since 2004 (1.3 million hectares), and in 2016, it increased by 200 000 hectares or 5 percent. The available data on the conversion status indicates that 20 percent of the organic cereal area was in conversion in 2016 (over 800 000 hectares). Thus, there could be a considerable increase in the supply of organic cereals in the near future. 35

World: Organic cereals: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Cereals: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 4'500'000 Hectares 4'000'000 3'500'000 3'000'000 2'500'000 2'000'000 1'500'000 1'000'000 500'000 0 1'325'386 1'582'395 1'770'736 1'876'617 2'212'338 2'430'300 2'455'528 2'628'191 2'788'396 3'435'682 3'288'991 3'889'488 4'091'183 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 36

World: Organic cereals: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Cereals: The ten countries with the largest organic areas 2016 China Italy United States Canada Germany France Spain Ukraine Turkey Kazakhstan 131 173 162 217 216 261 242 300 281 812 0 200 400 600 800 1'000 Thousand hectares 37

World: Organic cereals: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Cereals: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Austria Sweden Estonia Italy Lithuania Bolivia Latvia Switzerland Montenegro Greece 4.7% 7.6% 6.9% 6.8% 6.3% 6.1% 9.2% 9.8% 10.5% 13.0% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14% Organic share in % 38

World: Organic cereal land worldwide by cereal types 2016 Cereals: Distribution of global organic area by cereal type 2016 Andean grains 3% Rye 4% Barley 9% Other/ No details 6% Wheat 36% Rice 10% Maize, grain 11% Oats 12% 39

World: Organic citrus fruit 2016 Almost 91 000 hectares of citrus fruits were grown organically worldwide in 2016. This constitutes 1 percent of the world s total citrus area of 9.4 million hectares in 2016 (FAOSTAT). As no crop details for the organic area were available for some of the world s leading citrus producers India (0.9 million hectares) and Brazil (0.8 million hectares according to FAOSTAT), it can be assumed that the global figure for the organic citrus area is higher. In organic agriculture, the largest producer is Italy with over 36 000 hectares, constituting 24.6 percent of Italy s harvested citrus fruit area, followed by China (14 400 hectares, 0.6 percent), Mexico (almost 13 000 hectares, 2.2 percent), and Spain (over 10 000 hectares, 2.8 percent). Since 2004, when 28 500 hectares of organic citrus were grown, the area more than trebled. In 2016, the organic citrus area increased by 28 percent after the drop registered between 2013 and 2015. Burkina Faso has the highest organic share of citrus fruit with 33.5 percent of the harvested citrus fruit area being organic. It is followed by Italy and Ghana (16.4 percent). The area of organic citrus fruits includes oranges (almost 40 percent of the organic citrus fruit), lemons and limes (16 percent), grapefruit and pomelos (13 percent), and tangerines (4 percent); for 28 percent of the organic citrus area, no crop detail was available. The available data on the conversion status indicates that at least 30 percent of the organic citrus area was in-conversion in 2016 (more than 28 000 hectares). 40

World: Organic citrus fruit 2016 Between 2013 and 2015, a drop of 13 percent of organic citrus fruit area was registered (Figure 32). This drop can be attributed to the spread of the Citrus Greening Disease that is transmitted by the vector Asian Citrus Psyllid, Diaphorina citri, and the African Citrus Psyllid, Trioza erytreae. In Latin America and the United States, the Greening Disease has caused strong losses. In the case of Cuba, a high percentage of the citrus fruit is infected with the Greening Disease, and it has provoked a strong decrease in production. Some Caribbean countries have decided to abandon producing organic citrus fruit and revert to conventional farming, where chemical pesticides are used to control the disease. Currently the African Citrus Psyllid, Trioza erytreae, vector is spreading in Portugal (Lisboa Region) and Spain (Galicia). It will only be a matter of time until the Greening Disease will be found in the Iberian Peninsula. In Mexico, which is a key organic citrus producer, FiBL has been developing an integrated organic management strategy to control the vector and regulate the greening since 2011 41

World: Organic citrus fruit: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Citrus fruit: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 Hectares 100'000 90'000 80'000 70'000 60'000 50'000 40'000 30'000 20'000 10'000 0 28'549 15'749 35'784 43'399 49'816 55'921 48'108 47'385 56'984 81'715 71'617 70'792 90'694 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 42

World: Organic citrus area: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Citrus: The ten countries with the largest organic areas 2016 Italy China Mexico Spain United States Ghana Morocco Greece Egypt Argentina 4'919 4'105 1'526 1'476 1'190 1'011 10'183 12'570 14'403 36'125 0 10'000 20'000 30'000 40'000 Hectares 43

World: Organic citrus: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Citrus: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Burkina Faso Italy Ghana France Paraguay Cyprus Spain Greece Mexico Dominican Republic 3.5% 3.4% 2.8% 2.7% 2.2% 1.6% 6.8% 16.4% 24.6% 33.5% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Organic share in % 44

World: Organic citrus fruit: Use of the citrus fruit area 2016 Citrus fruit: Distribution of the organic citrus area by citrus type 2016 Other/no details 28% Oranges 39% Tangerine 4% Pomelos and grapefruit 13% Lemons and acid limes 16% 45

World: Organic cocoa 2016 Almost 345 000 hectares of cocoa were under organic management in 2016. This constitutes 3.4 percent of the world s harvested cocoa bean area of 10 million hectares 2016 (FAOSTAT). The world s leading producers are Côte d Ivoire (2.8 million hectares), Indonesia (1.7 million hectares), Ghana (1.7 million hectares), and Nigeria (0.8 million hectares). The largest organic cocoa areas are found in the Dominican Republic (159 178 hectares), the Democratic Republic of Congo (37 039 hectares), and the United Republic of Tanzania (29 013 hectares). Almost 70 percent of the world s organic cocoa area is in Latin America, and over 30 percent is in Africa. Some countries have when compared with the FAO data on harvested area, very high organic shares. This can probably be attributed to the fact that FAO data might be incomplete. The organic cocoa area has grown almost seven-fold since 2004 and thus faster than most other crops/crop groups. However, part of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving data availability. In 2016, almost 27 000 hectares more were reported, an increase of 8.5 percent compared to 2015. The available data on the conversion status indicates that almost eight percent of the organic cocoa area was in conversion in 2016 (over 26 000 hectares). Thus, a slight increase in the supply of organic cocoa may be expected in the near future. FiBL survey 2018 46

World: Organic cocoa: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Cocoa beans: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 400'000 Hectares 350'000 300'000 250'000 200'000 150'000 100'000 50'000 0 46'345 71'876 88'458 150'366 169'103 213'826 233'517 225'802 201'800 222'597 249'194 317'706 344'666 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 47

World: Organic cocoa area: The ten leading countries 2016 Cocoa beans area: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Dominican Republic Congo, D.R. Tanzania Peru Sierra Leone Panama Ecuador Uganda Sao Tome and Principe Haiti 37'039 29'013 25'587 20'305 14'021 13'643 7'872 6'401 5'186 159'178 0 50'000 100'000 150'000 200'000 Hectares 48

World: Organic cocoa: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Cocoa beans: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Sierra Leone Bolivia Costa Rica Belize Honduras Nicaragua Sao Tome and Principe Madagascar Peru Haiti 24.8% 23.4% 20.4% 19.2% 50.0% 44.6% 42.0% 40.1% 39.9% 39.4% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Organic share in % 49

World: Organic cocoa area: Distribution by region 2016 Cocoa beans: Distribution of the organic area by region 2016 Africa 33% Latin America 67% 50

World: Organic coffee 2016 Almost 934 000 hectares of coffee were grown organically in 2016. This constituted 8.5 percent of the world s harvested coffee area of almost 11 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT. The world s leading producers are Brazil (2 million hectares), Indonesia (1.2 million hectares), Côte d Ivoire (1 million hectares), Colombia (0.9 million hectares), and Ethiopia (0.7 million hectares). Data on organic production was available for all of these countries with the exception of Brazil. Slightly more than 45 percent of the world s organic coffee area is in Latin America, and 41 percent is in Africa. In organic farming, the largest areas were in Mexico (231 000 hectares), Ethiopia (161 000 hectares), and Peru (110 000 hectares). Timor-Leste had the highest organic share, with almost 53 percent organic coffee, followed by Bolivia (48 percent), the United Republic of Tanzania (42 percent), and the Democratic Republic of Congo (almost 38 percent). The organic coffee area has increased more than five-fold since 2004. Compared with 2015, the organic coffee area grew by 3 percent or more than 30 000 hectares in 2016. FiBL survey 2018 51

World: Organic coffee: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Coffee: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 1'000'000 Hectares 900'000 800'000 700'000 600'000 500'000 400'000 300'000 200'000 100'000 0 176'139 311'469 339'464 546'541 481'580 545'902 626'547 627'333 670'092 705'964 761'178 903'878 933'950 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 52

World: Organic coffee area: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Coffee: The ten countries with the largest organic area 2016 Mexico Ethiopia Peru Tanzania Indonesia Uganda Sierra Leone Congo, D.R. Timor-Leste Honduras (2012) 29.2 28.6 28.0 23.5 65.6 82.1 93.5 110.1 161.1 231.0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Thousand hectares 53

World: Organic coffee: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Coffee: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Timor-Leste Bolivia Tanzania Congo, D.R. Mexico Nepal Peru Papua New Guinea Sao Tome and Principe Ethiopia 42.3% 37.6% 35.8% 30.7% 28.7% 27.5% 24.5% 23.0% 48.0% 52.6% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Organic share in % 54

World: Organic coffee: Distribution by region 2016 Coffee: Distribution of the organic area by region 2016 Asia 12% Oceania 2% Latin America 45% Africa 41% 55

World: Organic dry pulses 2016 The total area under organic dry pulses is almost 530 000 hectares, which is 0.6 percent of the total area of dry pulses grown in the world (almost 82.4 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT). No current data on the organic area was available from the three most important dry pulsegrowing countries in the world: India, Niger, and Myanmar. India (26 million hectares) was by far the largest grower, representing over 32 percent of the global area used to grow dry pulses. The countries with the largest organic dry pulses areas are France, Canada, Poland, Italy, Germany, and Spain. Overall, organic shares can be high as dry pulses play an important role in organic farming, particularly in Europe. The dry pulses area has increased six-fold from 79 000 to 530 000 hectares since 2004. However, some of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving availability of crop data. In 2016, the dry pulses area grew compared to 2015 by more than 87 000 hectares, or by almost 20 percent. A breakdown by crop is not available for many countries; for instance, Eurostat the statistical office of the European Union publishes only one figure for dry pulses, without breaking that figure down by crop. The data available for a breakdown of the total fully converted and in-conversion area shows that at least 20 percent is in conversion, and will be fully converted in the next few years. This has implications for the availability of organic dry pulses in the near future. FiBL survey 2018 56

World: Organic dry pulses: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Dry pulses: Development 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 600'000 Hectares 500'000 400'000 300'000 200'000 100'000 0 79'041 118'022 161'302 150'580 180'536 206'229 275'563 298'552 324'282 320'390 365'577 442'084 529'138 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 57

World: Organic dry pulses area: The ten leading countries 2016 Dry pulses area: The ten countries with the largest area 2016 France Canada Poland Italy Germany Spain Lithuania Ukraine Kazakhstan United States 18'399 15'581 20'000 43'986 39'000 38'057 30'131 56'658 55'968 85'827 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 Hectares 58

World: Organic dry pulses: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Dry pulses: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Austria Italy Denmark Greece France Sweden Belgium Germany Portugal Switzerland 30.6% 26.5% 25.9% 25.3% 24.6% 23.4% 20.9% 40.0% 44.1% 57.6% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% Organic share in % 59

World: Organic temperate fruit 2016 The total area under organic temperate fruit production recorded here (almost 255 000 hectares), is 2 percent of the total area of temperate fruit grown in the world (12.6 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT). Of the seven most important temperate fruit growing countries in the world (China, Turkey, Iran, India, Russia, the United States, and Uzbekistan), five countries (China, Turkey, Iran, Russia, and the United States) provided data on the area of organic temperate fruits in 2016. It can, therefore, be assumed that the organic temperate fruit area is higher. The countries with the largest organic temperate fruit areas are China (almost 98 000 hectares), Italy (22 400 hectares), Poland (almost 19 000 hectares), Turkey (16 000 hectares), France (almost 14 000 hectares), and the United States (almost 12 000 hectares). Since 2004, when data on land use and crops were collected for the first time, the temperate fruit area has almost trebled. However, some of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving crop data availability. In 2016, a drop of over 8 000 hectares occurred, this was mainly due to a decrease in China. The key temperate fruits are apples, with one-third of the temperate fruit area, followed by apricots, cherries, plums, and pears. Poland has one-third of the total organic apple area. The available data on the conversion status indicates that more than 30 percent of the total temperate fruit area is in conversion. Thus, a considerable increase in the supply of organic temperate fruit in the near future. FiBL survey 2018 60

World: Organic temerpate fruit: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Temperate Fruit: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 300'000 Hectares 250'000 200'000 150'000 100'000 50'000 97'246 62'407 124'090 101'560 101'689 95'425 119'934 154'861 165'356 212'893 186'486 263'013 254'600 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 61

World: Organic temperate fruit: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Temperate fruit: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 China Italy Poland Turkey France United States Bulgaria Germany Romania Spain 22'378 18'616 16'260 13'544 11'670 7'657 7'472 6'353 5'648 97'880 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000 Hectares 62

World: Organic temperate fruits: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Temperate fruits: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Austria Latvia Montenegro Czech Republic Bulgaria Slovakia Estonia Germany Denmark Sweden 18.3% 17.0% 16.7% 14.8% 13.5% 29.7% 28.0% 30.6% 39.2% 53.2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% Organic share in % 63

World: Organic temperate fruit land worldwide by key fruit types 2016 Temperate fruit: Use of organic temperate fruit area 2016 Other/No details 36% Apples 33% Peaches/ nectarines 4% Pears 6% Plums 6% Apricots 9% Cherries 6% 64

World: Tropical and subtropical fruits 2016 The total area under organic tropical and subtropical fruit production recorded here (over 356 000 hectares) is 1.4 percent of the total area of tropical and subtropical fruit grown in the world (24.8 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT data). Of the five most important tropical and subtropical fruit growing countries in the world (India, China, Philippines, Brazil, and Thailand, all with more than one million hectares), only China, the Philippines, and Thailand provided data on the area used for growing organic tropical and subtropical fruit in 2016. The largest organic growers for which data on the organic area was available were Mexico (almost 131 000 hectares), China (over 28 000 hectares), the Dominican Republic (almost 26 000 hectares), and Madagascar (19 000 hectares). Some of these countries also report very high organic shares of tropical and subtropical fruit, more than the ten percent of their countries total area for these crops: In the case of the Dominican Republic, bananas; and in the case of Mexico, mangos and avocados. The largest organic shares of tropical and subtropical fruit area are in Burkina Faso (46.8 percent), Niue (43.6 percent), Turkey (28.6 percent), and the Dominican Republic (24.6 percent). By area, the key tropical and subtropical fruits are avocados, bananas, and dates. Since 2004, when data on land use and crops was collected for the first time, the tropical fruit area has increased eight-fold. Some of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving data availability. In 2016, a drop of the area was noticed compared to 2015; this can be attributed to a decrease of the organic area in Samoa, Kenya, and Madagascar. The available data on the conversion status indicates that at least 13 percent of the total tropical and subtropical fruit area is in conversion. This suggests that a slight increase in supply in the near future may be expected. FiBL survey 2018 65

World: Organic tropical and subtropical: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Tropical and subtropical fruit: Development 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 450'000 400'000 Hectares 350'000 300'000 250'000 200'000 150'000 100'000 50'000 0 40'500 55'883 64'959 94'680 138'512 165'879 171'304 207'140 220'862 214'840 226'283 381'603 356'119 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 66

World: Organic tropical and subtropical fruit: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Tropical and subtropical fruit: The ten countries with the largest areas 2016 Mexico China Dominican Republic Madagascar Ecuador Kenya Turkey Saudi Arabia Peru Burkina Faso 28'403 25'835 19'012 18'650 18'637 18'415 12'530 7'297 7'165 130'563 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000 140'000 Hectares 67

World: Organic tropical and subtropical fruits: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Tropical and subtropical fruits: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Burkina Faso Niue Canada Turkey Dominican Republic Mexico Slovenia Italy Togo French Polynesia 28.6% 24.6% 23.6% 22.1% 19.0% 15.2% 12.4% 34.7% 43.6% 46.8% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Organic share in % 68

World: Organic tropical and subtropical fruit land worldwide by main crop groups 2016 Tropical and subtropical fruit: Distribution of global organic area by crop 2016 Avocados 18% Other 41% Bananas 16% Guava 3% Figs 5% Mangos 6% Dates 11% 69

World: Organic grape area 2016 Almost 380 000 hectares of organic grapes are grown, constituting 5.3 percent of the world s grape-growing area (7.1 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT). In Europe, over 328 000 hectares (8.4 percent of the harvested grape area) are organic. Not all of the grape area listed in the table is used for wine. The production of table grapes and raisins is important in many countries, such as Turkey. All of the five most important grape-growing countries in the world (Spain, China, France, Italy, and Turkey) provided data on the area under organic grape production in 2016. The countries with the largest organic grape areas are Spain and Italy, each with more than 100 000 hectares of organic grapes, followed by France with over 70 000 hectares. Some of the highest organic shares of the total grape area are also found in these countries. Almost 90 percent of the world s organic grape area is in Europe. The rest is distributed almost equally among Asia, North America, and Latin America. Since 2004, when data on land use and crops were collected for the first time, the organic grape area has increased four-fold. However, some of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving availability of crop data. The available data indicates that a large part of the organic grape area (at least 28 percent) is in conversion. Thus, a considerable increase in the supply of organic grapes may be expected, particularly from Spain, Italy, and France. FiBL survey 2018 70

World: Organic grapes: Growth of the global organic area 2004-2016 Grapes: Development 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 400'000 Hectares 350'000 300'000 250'000 200'000 150'000 100'000 50'000 0 87'655 101'263 113'970 122'420 150'756 190'450 217'953 264'711 284'230 312'577 311'866 332'913 379'555 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 71

World: Organic grapes: The ten countries with the largest organic areas 2016 Grapes: The ten countries with the largest organic areas 2016 Spain Italy France China Turkey United States Germany Argentina Bulgaria Austria 20'025 13'961 11'071 8'000 6'240 5'390 5'088 70'732 106'720 103'545 0 20'000 40'000 60'000 80'000 100'000 120'000 Hectares 72

World: Organic grapes: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Grapes: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 United Kingdom Italy Bulgaria Belgium Spain Austria European Union France Europe World 5.3% 11.9% 11.6% 10.9% 10.0% 9.3% 8.4% 15.5% 14.7% 23.6% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Organic share in % 73

World: Organic grapes: Distribution of the organic area by region 2016 Grapes: Distribution of the organic grape area by region 2016 Asia 6% Northern America 4% Latin America 2% Europe 88% 74

Spain: Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in Spain (including in-conversion areas) 75 10'804 11'841 16'038 16'453 14'928 15'991 16'832 17'189 30'856 53'959 57'231 79'016 81'262 83'932 84'381 96'591 106'720 120'000 100'000 80'000 60'000 40'000 20'000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Hectares 2015 2016 Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in Spain (including in-conversion areas) Source: MARA 1999-2018

Italy: Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in Italy (including in-conversion areas) Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in Italy (including in-conversion areas) Source: SINAB 2000-2018 120'000 31'249 44'175 37'379 31'709 31'170 33'885 37'693 36'684 40'480 43'614 52'273 52'812 57'347 67'937 72'361 83'643 103'545 100'000 80'000 60'000 40'000 20'000 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Hectares 76

France: Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in France (including in-conversion areas) Development of the organic grape area 2000-2016 in France (including in-conversion areas) Source: Agence Bio 2000-2018 80'000 2000 12'364 2001 13'426 2002 15'013 2003 16'259 2004 16'428 2005 18'133 2006 18'808 2007 22'509 2008 28'190 2009 39'146 2010 50'268 2011 61'055 2012 64'801 2013 64'610 2014 66'211 2015 68'579 2016 70'732 70'000 60'000 50'000 40'000 30'000 Hectares 20'000 10'000 0 77

World: Organic oilseeds 2016 Almost 1.3 million hectares were used for growing organic oilseeds in 2016. This is 0.6 percent of the world s total harvested oilseed area (almost 230 million hectares according to FAOSTAT). The main countries in which oilseeds are grown are the United States, Brazil, India, Argentina, and China (each with more than 20 million hectares). Data on organic production was available for all of these countries but Brazil. The countries with the largest organic oilseed area are China, India, Sudan, the United States, and Kazakhstan. The highest organic shares are in Togo (27 percent, mainly soybeans), Peru (23 percent, mainly sesame), and Austria (almost 16 percent, mainly soybeans). Since 2004, when data on land use and crops was collected for the first time, the oilseed area (2004: almost 144 000 hectares) has increased more than nine-fold. However, some of the increase can be attributed to the continually improving availability of crop data. In 2016, the organic oilseed area increased by 4 percent (almost 51 000 hectares). Over forty percent of the organic oilseed area is for soybeans, and another twenty percent is for sunflower seeds and sesame. The data available for a breakdown of the total fully converted and in conversion area shows that at least 19 percent is in conversion and will be fully converted in the next few years. This has implications for the availability of organic oilseeds in the near future. FiBL survey 2018 78

World: Organic oilseeds: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Oilseeds: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 1'400'000 Hectares 1'200'000 1'000'000 800'000 600'000 400'000 200'000 0 143'956 154'859 237'955 252'745 340'887 446'056 742'114 744'969 681'219 867'002 953'077 1'235'880 1'286'588 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 79

World: Organic oilseed area: The ten leading countries 2016 Oilseed area: The ten leading countries 2016 China India Sudan Ukraine United States Kazakhstan France Romania Uganda Canada 86'000 70'000 61'164 57'320 53'709 51'571 44'587 40'911 130'000 393'500 0 50'000 100'000 150'000 200'000 250'000 300'000 350'000 400'000 450'000 Hectares 80

World: Organic oilseeds: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Oilseeds: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 Togo Peru Austria Estonia Slovenia Sweden Nicaragua Croatia Mexico Namibia 6.7% 6.6% 5.0% 4.7% 4.5% 4.5% 10.0% 15.7% 23.3% 27.0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Organic share in % 81

World: Organic oilseed area worldwide by main crop groups 2016 Oilseeds: Use of organic oilseed area by crop 2016 Other 23% Linseed (oil flax) 3% Rape and turnip rape 7% Soybeans 43% Peanuts 7% Sunflower seed 8% Sesame 9% 82

World: Organic olives 2016 Almost 748 000 hectares of olives were reported to be under organic production in 2016. This represents 7 percent of the world s total harvested olive area (10.7 million hectares according to FAOSTAT). The main countries in which olives are grown are around the Mediterranean. Spain is by far the largest grower with 2.6 million hectares, followed by Tunisia (1.6 million hectares) and Italy (1.2 million hectares). Greece and Morocco are also important producers. For all these countries, data for the organic area was available. Italy has the largest area of organic olives (more than 222 000 hectares), followed by Spain (almost 198 000 hectares), and Tunisia (almost 138 000 hectares). Almost 80 percent of the world s organic olive area is in Europe, followed by northern Africa with 20 percent of the world s organic olive area. In Italy, the percentage of area under organic production is relatively high (over 19 percent). In Spain, almost 8 percent of the olive area is organic, and in Tunisia 8.4 percent. France has the highest organic share with 27.6 percent of the olive area being organic. Since 2004, when data on land use and crops were collected for the first time, the olive area more than doubled. The available data indicates that a large part of the total olive area, 24 percent, is in conversion. Thus, an increase in the supply of organic olives may be expected. FiBL survey 2018 83

World: Organic olives: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Olives: Development of the global organic area 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 800'000 Hectares 700'000 600'000 500'000 400'000 300'000 200'000 314'809 345'657 380'575 401'524 432'116 491'400 495'480 538'592 576'036 612'737 627'008 672'036 747'640 100'000 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 84

World: Organic olive area: The ten leading countries 2016 Olives: The ten countries with the largest organic area 2016 Italy Spain Tunisia Turkey Greece Portugal Mexico Palestine, State of Argentina France 5.7 4.7 4.7 21.8 20.0 44.8 81.1 137.7 196.6 222.5 0 50 100 150 200 250 Thousand hectares 85

World: Organic olives: The ten countries/areas with the highest organic shares 2016 Olives: The ten countries/regions with the highest organic shares 2016 France Malta Slovenia Italy Cyprus Turkey Palestine, State of Croatia Tunisia Argentina 9.6% 8.6% 8.4% 8.4% 7.7% 14.4% 19.1% 20.5% 25.0% 27.0% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Organic share in % 86

World: Organic olives: Distribution of the organic area by region 2016 Olives: Distribution of the organic area by continent 2016 Africa 19% Other 4% Europe 77% 87

World: Organic vegetables 2016 The total area under organic vegetable production (more than 437 000 hectares) is 0.7 percent of the total area of vegetables grown in the world (62 million hectares in 2016, according to FAOSTAT). Of the four most important vegetable-growing countries in the world (China, India, Nigeria, and Viet Nam), data on the organic area was only available for China and Viet Nam. The countries with the largest organic vegetable areas are Mexico, the United States, China, Poland, and Egypt (each with areas over 20 000 hectares). The highest organic shares of the total vegetable areas are in Denmark, Austria, Canada, Switzerland, and Mexico. These are also the countries in Europe that, with the exception of Mexico and Canada, have the largest organic market shares for organic food. Furthermore, Sweden and Bulgaria reported high organic shares of the total vegetable area. Since 2004, when data on organic land use and crops was collected for the first time, the vegetable area increased by four-fold, from 105 000 hectares to the current 437 000 hectares. The major increase in 2016 is mainly due to a substantial increase of the vegetable area in Mexico. A large part (120 000 hectares) is for fruit vegetables, followed by leafy and stalked vegetables (salads). For most countries, however, no crop details for the vegetable area are available. The available data on the breakdown of the fully converted and in conversion area at least 50 000 hectares of a large part of the organic vegetable area is under conversion. Thus, it can be concluded that not a big increase of the organic vegetable supply can be expected. FiBL survey 2018 88

World: Organic vegetables: Growth of the organically managed land 2004-2016 Vegetables: Development 2004-2016 Source: FiBL-IFOAM-SOEL-Surveys 2006-2018 500'000 450'000 Hectares 400'000 350'000 300'000 250'000 200'000 150'000 100'000 50'000 0 105'253 156'884 181'430 208'135 209'906 221'006 236'483 225'737 237'782 292'926 296'384 319'995 437'443 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 89