Energy Technology Innovation in South Asia Implications for Gender Equality and Social Inclusion Dr Reihana Mohideen
Structure A. Energy transition; Asia B. Energy studies frameworks for GESI Energy transition in Asia C. Technology Audit D. GESI integrated energy systems models E. Research Phase 2
A. Asia s low-carbon energy transition is well underway. Age structure of existing power capacity, 2014 (IEA, ETP 2016)
Penetration Smart meter penetration by Regions (%) 60 North America 40 Europe Asia and the Pacific 20 Latin America Middle East and Africa World 0 2013 2014 2015 International Energy Agency, TCEP, 2016
Transformed living conditions Smil, Vaclav (2012)
Maternal Mortality Ratios 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Maternal mortality ratios (MMR) and per capita energy consumption (kgoe/capita) Nepal Timor Leste India Pakistan Bhutan Bangladesh Indonesia Philippines y = 167824x -1.075 R² = 0.8082 Sri Lanka Maldives China Malaysia Singapore Japan South Korea Australia 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Per capita energy consumption (kgoe/capita) Author
B. Frameworks technology and GESI pathways Energy/electricity access and use is valuable not in itself, but for what it enables women and men to do or achieve (Moss and McGann 2011, drawing from A. Sen and M. Nessbaum) The history of past energy transitions highlights the critical importance of end-use consumers and demand and indicate that technology and the social settings co-evolve, depending on each other (Grubler 2012) Renewable energy technologies as disruptive technologies can transform how energy is produced, distributed and consumed. Distributed systems, such as mini-grids, can potentially provide solutions for inclusive energy access. (Study focus) Energy services can improve women s economic empowerment (Study focus)
Current changes in energy and power systems the distributed production of renewables, an increasing need for flexibility of operations, and energy storage and transmission, affect consumers in one way or another. Changes often require the active participation and support of consumers, who may become prosumers. All the new systems and technologies developed by electrical engineers may influence consumer behavior and trigger positive or negative responses. Hence, it is important for electrical engineers to understand how their work may affect consumers... This issue encourages a conversation among electrical engineers and social scientists and facilitates the integration of their different expertise.
Who Communicates? What is Communication About? Where is it needed?.. with, not to Person to person Technology to person Technology to technology IEEE Power&Energy January/February 2018
GWh C. T E C H N O L O G Y A U D I T 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 Sri Lanka Electrical Energy Balance 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Sri Lanka Electrical Energy Production 2015 51.39 45.21 Year 3.39 2.59 0.43 0.37 Thermal Hydro GWh = gigawatt-hour Sources: Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka. http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/; Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka. http://powermin.gov.lk/english/. Thermal Hydro Wind Biomass Solar Sources: Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka. http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/; Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka. http://powermin.gov.lk/english/.
MW 35.00 30.00 25.00 20.00 15.00 10.00 5.00 0.00 On-Grid Solar Power Production Capacity 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year Battle For Solar Energy! (2016) Add 200MW of solar power to the grid by 2020, and 1000MW by 2025. A total of 1 million solar home systems over ten years. Three Schemes: - Net Metering: Carry forward excess production as credit. - Net Accounting: Be paid for excess production or pay for excess consumption. - Net Plus: Targeted at lower income households. All power produced is purchased by the utility. Sources: Generation Performance in Sri Lanka 2016. http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/genperformance-2016_draft.pdf; Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka. http://powermin.gov.lk/english/.
MW Wind Power Production Capacity 140.00 Geographic Information System Hydro Map 120.00 100.00 80.00 60.00 40.00 20.00 0.00 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year Sources: Generation Performance in Sri Lanka 2016. http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/wpcontent/uploads/2017/07/genperformance-2016_draft.pdf; Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka. http://powermin.gov.lk/english/. Biomass Power Production Capacity Source: Web Geographic Information System for Sustainable Energy Authority. http://www.gisserver.org/seagis/. Source: Ceylon Electricity Board. http://www.ceb.lk/.
Low Voltage and 33 kv Distance (km) 11 kv,132 kv and 220 kv Distance (km) % Households Electrified 100 98 96 94 92 90 88 86 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year Source: Ceylon Electricity Board Statistical Digest 2011 2015. 160,000 140,000 120,000 100,000 80,000 60,000 40,000 20,000 0 Transmission Line Length By Year 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2010 Year 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 3,000 2,500 2,000 1,500 1,000 500 0 Low Voltage 33 kv 220 kv 132 kv 11 kv Source: Ceylon Electricity Board Statistical Digest 2015. km = kilometer, kv = kilovolt. Source: Ceylon Electricity Board Statistical Digest 2006 2015.
GWh Off-Grid Generation 9.00 8.00 Hydro Industrial 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 Hydro Household Solar Household Wind Household 0.00 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Year Source: Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka. http://www.pucsl.gov.lk/english/; Ministry of Power & Renewable Energy, Sri Lanka. http://powermin.gov.lk/english/.
D. Optimal combination Weighting multi-criteria GESI mainstreaming Nerini s algorith T1: Reliability T2: Availability T = T1*Wt1 + T2*Wt2 + T3*Wt3 + T4*Wt4 T3: Scalability 1. Technology 2. Cost 3. Environment 4. Social 5. Institution T4: O&M requirements C1: Capital cost C2: O&M cost C3: Subsidies & credit E1: GHG emissions E2: Land requirements C = C1*Wc1 + C2*Wc2 + C3*Wc3 E = E1*We1 + E2*We2 + E3*We3 Final Index = T *Wt + C*Wc + E*We + S*Ws + I*Wi E3: Stress on ecosystem S1: Air pollution S2: Services S3: Income, livelihoods S = S1*Ws1+ S2*Ws2 + S3*Ws3 + S4 (Wst + Wsi) S4: GESI benefits I1: Regulations I2: Technical capacity S4 = S time saved + S income increased = St + Si I = I1*Wi1 + I2*Wi2 + I3*Wi3 I3: GESI awareness Nerini, Francesco Fuso and others. 2016. A cost comparison of technology approaches for improving access to electricity services. Energy 95. p255-265
Appliances Tiers Rural electrification -- World Bank global tracking framework (GTF) Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 General Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 2 Task lighting lighting and and and and Tier Criteria - and any medium any high any very Phone Fan (if power power high power charging needed appliances appliances appliances Indicative list of appliances Very low power appliances Lighting - Task Lighting Low power appliances Multi-point general lighting Medium power appliances High power appliances Very high power appliances Entertainment and communication - Phone charging, radio Television, computer Printer Space cooling and heating Refrigeration - Mechanical loads Product heating - Fan Air cooler - Refrigerator, freezer Food processor, washing machine, water pump Air conditioner, space heater - Iron, hair dryer Water heater Cooking - Rice cooker Toaster, microwave Electric cooking Tier 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 Annual consumption levels (Kwh) < 4.5 4.5 73 365 1250 3000
USD/kWh 2.4 3.5 5.1 1.8 2.0 2.7 What Pathways? Levelised Cost of Electricity, 2015-2030, 500 households/km2 Grid at 10 km Grid at 20 km 3 Grid at 30 km DG mini grid PV mini grid 2 1 Grid at 10km ~ 0.25 Grid at 20km ~ 0.28 Grid at 30km ~ 0.33 DG minigrid ~ 0.26 PV minigrid ~ 0.35 Hydro minigrid ~ 0.18 Hydro mini grid PV stand alone DG stand alone 0 Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 Tier 4 Tier 5 Target Electrification Level Source: A cost comparison of technology approaches for improving access to electricity services, Nerini and others, 2015
IEA India Energy Outlook, 2015 Applied to India by IEA
GESI integrated reference energy system World Bank Global Tracking Framework, Tiers 3-5 Micro Hydro Biomass collection Diesel import Biomass Gasification Diesel Genset Transmission & Distribution with Microgrid Solar PV Wind Turbines Multi Criteria Analysis to identify and weight criteria Application of GESI mainstreamed technology template Diesel Genset, Stand alone Gender-sensitive participatory consultation Various electrical appliances Solar PV, Stand alone PV-Wind Hybrid system, Stand alone Electricity import Transmission & Distribution from the grid Note: Building on Nerini s 2014 Reference Energy System for Timor-Leste, which is developed from Reference Energy System Methodology (Beller, 1976). Accessed at https://www.osti.gov/scitech/servlets/purl/7191575
Example: Alternative Energy Promotion Centre, Nepal S.N. Programs/activities Benifited Caste/Ethnicity/Religion (% of the benefited population) Household Population Male Female Janjati Dalit Madhesi Muslim Others (B/C/T) 1 Micro/Mini/pico 22733 110937 53804 57133 15.2 4.8 10.6 4.4 65 hydro 2 IWM 27866 135986 65953 70033 15.2 4.8 10.6 4.4 65 3 SSHS 10831 43324 21229 22095 NA NA NA NA NA 4 SHS 92330 369320 180967 188353 NA NA NA NA NA 5 PVPS 1400 8565 4378 4308 66 9 0 0 25 6 Solar Dryer 26 130 64 66 46 0 0 0 54 7 Biogas Domestic 30196 150980 14492 15704 52 1 1 0 46 8 ICS Metal 6746 32380 16123 16257 59 9 0 0 33 9 ICS Mud 281469 1550683 782318 766537 30 17 27 7 19 10 MSMEs 1054 5144 900* 154** 38 6 NA NA 56 11 IGA 3217 15699 1245# 1972## 47 18 NA NA 35 * Number of man owned MSMEs ** Number of woman owned MSMEs # Number of man owned IGA ## Nuber of woman woned IGA
E. Phase 2 a. Community Energy Systems (i) citizens running projects through communities, such as cooperatives or development trusts; (ii) a cooperative, democratic, or non corporate structure in which individuals participate actively in decision-making; (iii) tangible local benefits to people living or working close to projects; (iv) profits returning to the community or being reinvested in other community energy schemes. IRENA, 2016
Source: Electric Power Research Institute. 2010. Kansas City Power & Light Smart Grid Demonstration Project. https://www.smartgrid.gov/files/kansas_city_power_light_smart_grid_demonstration_project_201006.pdf.
Source: http://austinspc.com/2011/04/10/what-is-a-microgrid/
Source: http://redcube.lk/?r=products/productsstore/view&id=1803
Scoping research on smart grid pilot programs, with a focus on mini grids and PV systems, Further development of the GESI integrated modified reference energy system with the view to adapting and applying the system to a test site, Include energy savings based on an optimal combination of renewable energy resources, and storage of all energy vectors including battery storage and electric vehicles, and the intensive use of the latest technologies on power electronics, control and digitization, Test case or pilot.
(b) Policy and planning frameworks designed to integrate GESI in smart grid drawing from the IEEE domains framework.
Power to the people? Consumers as energy citizens aside from turning formerly passive energy consumers into more active and informed ones, empowering consumers can also help to make them act as energy citizens. Why is this distinction important? Because whether you look at people as consumers or as citizens matters: conceptually, when trying to understand energyrelated choices and behavior, practically, when designing policies to address people s concerns, and of course politically, when peo-ple get involved and become active participants in energy-related policy making themselves. Gerd Schonwalder, European Commission