Welcome to 3.091 Lecture 25 November 9, 2009 Introduction to Aqueous Solutions
Figure 1.11 * Chemical methods of separation include electrolysis. Physical methods of separation include filtration, distillation, and crystallization. Matter Occupies space and possesses mass; may exist as solid, liquid, or gas Pure substance Matter having an invariant chemical composition and distinct properties occurs in nature as Mixture Matter consisting of two or more pure substances that retain their individual identities and can be separated by physical methods may be may be Element Fundamental substance; cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical methods Compound Substance composed of two or more elements in fixed proportions; can be separated into simpler substances and elements only by chemical methods* Homogeneous Mixture having a uniform composition and properties throughout (also called a solution) Heterogeneous Mixture not uniform in composition and properties throughout Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
settle
Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water Soluble Ionic Compounds The Na +, K +, and NH + 4 ions form soluble ionic compounds. Thus, NaCI, KNO 3, and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 are soluble ionic compounds. _ The nitrate ion (NO 3 ) forms soluble ionic compounds. Thus, Cu(NO3 ) 2 and Fe(NO 3 ) 3 are soluble. The chloride (Cl _ ), bromide (Br _ ), and iodide (I _ ) ions usually form soluble ionic compounds. Exceptions include ionic compounds of the Pb 2+, Hg 2+ 2, Ag +, and Cu + ions. CuBr 2 is soluble, but CuBr is not. The sulfate ion (SO2 _ 4 ) usually forms soluble ionic compounds. Exceptions include BaSO 4, SrSO 4, and PbSO 4, which are insoluble, and Ag 2 SO 4, CaSO 4, and Hg 2 SO 4, which are slightly soluble. Insoluble Ionic Compounds Sulfides (S 2_ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include Na 2 S, K 2 S, (NH 4 ) 2 S, MgS, CaS, SrS, and BaS. Oxides (O 2_ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include Na 2 O, K 2 O, SrO, and BaO, which are soluble, and CaO, which is slightly soluble. Hydroxides (OH _ ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include NaOH, KOH, Sr(OH) 2, and Ba(OH) 2, which are soluble, and Ca(OH) 2, which is slightly soluble. Chromates (CrO 2 4 ), phosphates (PO 3 4 ), and carbonates (CO 2 3 ) are usually insoluble. Exceptions include ionic compounds of the Na +, K +, and NH + 4 ions, such as Na 2 CrO 4, K 3 PO 4, and (NH 4 ) 2 CO 3. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare. After Spencer, Bodner, and Rickard, Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics.
H O H Na + Cl NaCl dissolving in water Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Courtesy of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Used with permission. Source: Spencer, J. N., G. M. Bodner, and L. H. Rickard. Chemistry: Structure and Dynamics. 2nd edition. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons, 2003.
Newpaper article removed due to copyright restrictions. Chang, Kenneth. "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear." The New York Times, July 29, 2008.
Image removed due to copyright restrictions. Graphic of the molecular structure of glass, accompanying Chang, Kenneth. "The Nature of Glass Remains Anything but Clear." The New York Times, July 29, 2008.
bulk metallic glasses Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): 3643. Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
bulk metallic glasses Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): 3643. Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission.
bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) Vitreloy1: Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5 1.00794 259.34 252.87 0.0899 2.20 13.598 1s 1 Hydrogen 6.941 180.5 1342 0.534 0.98 5.392 [He]2s 1 Lithium 22.989768 97.72 883 0.97 0.93 5.139 [Ne]3s 1 Sodium 39.0983 63.38 759 0.86 0.82 4.341 [Ar]4s 1 Potassium 85.4678 39.31 688 1.532 0.82 4.177 [Kr]5s 1 Rubidium 132.90543 28.44 671 1.879 0.79 3.894 [Xe]6s 1 Cesium (223.0197) 27 677 0.7 [Rn]7s 1 Francium 1 H 1 3 Li 1 11 Na 1 19 K 1 37 Rb 1 55 Cs 1 87 Fr 1 9.012182 1287 2471 1.8477 1.57 9.322 [He]2s 2 Beryllium 24.3050 650 1090 1.74 1.31 7.646 [Ne]3s 2 Magnesium 40.078 842 1484 1.54 1.00 6.113 [Ar]4s 2 Calcium 87.62 777 1382 2.6 0.95 5.695 [Kr]5s 2 Strontium 137.327 727 1897 3.594 0.89 5.212 [Xe]6s 2 Barium (226.0254) 700 <1140 5.8 0.9 5.279 [Rn]7s 2 Radium 4 Be 2 12 Mg 2 20 Ca 2 38 Sr 2 56 Ba 2 88 Ra 2 4,002602 272.226 atm 268.93 0.1785 24.587 He 1s 2 Helium 10.811 12.011 14.00674 15.9994 18.9984032 20.1797 2075 5 4492 6 TP 210.00 7 218.79 8 219.62 9 248.59 10 4000 3825 SP 2.31 2.25 2.04 2.55 8.298 B 3 2, 4 195.79 182.95 1.429 3.44 11.260 13.618 O 2 188.12 1.69 3.96 17.422 F 1 246.08 2, 3,4,5 1.25046 0.9002 3.04 C 14.534 N 21.564 Ne [He]2s 2p1 [He]2s 2p2 [He]2s 2p3 [He]2s 2p4 [He]2s 2p5 [He]2s 2p6 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon 26.981539 28.0855 30.973762 32.066 35.4527 39.948 660.32 13 1414 14 44.15 15 115.21 16 101.5 17 189.35 18 2519 2.702 1.61 5.986 Al 3 3265 2.33 1.90 8.151 Si 4 277 185.85 3,4,5 444.60 1.82 1.784 2.19 10.486 P 2,4,6 34.04 2.07 2.58 10.360 S 1,3,5,7 3.214 3.16 12.967 Cl 15.759 Ar [Ne]3s 2p1 [Ne]3s 2p2 [Ne]3s 2p3 [Ne]3s 2p4 [Ne]3s 2p5 [Ne]3s 2p6 Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon 44.955910 47.88 50.9415 51.9961 54.93805 55.847 58.93320 58.6934 63.546 65.39 69.723 72.61 74.92159 78.96 79.904 83.80 1541 21 16 8 22 1910 23 1907 24 1246 25 1538 26 1495 27 1455 28 1084.62 29 419.53 30 29.76 31 938.25 32 817 33 TP 221 34 7.2 35 157.36 36 2830 3287 3407 2671 2061 2861 2927 2913 2562 907 2204 2833 614 SP 685 58.6 153.22 2.989 4.5 5.96 7.20 7.47 7.86 8.92 8.90 8.94 7.14 25% 6.095 5.35 5.727 25o C 4.81 3.119 3.74 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96 Sc 3 Ti 3,4 2,3,4,5 2,3,6 2,3,4,6,7 V Cr Mn Fe 2,3 Co 2,3 Ni 2,3 Cu 1,2 Zn 2 Ga 3 Ge 4 As 3,5 Se 2,4,6 Br 1,5 Kr 6.54 6.82 6.74 6.766 7.435 7.870 7.86 7.635 7.726 9.394 5.999 7.899 9.81 9.752 11.814 13.999 [Ar]3d 14s2 [Ar]3d 24s2 [Ar]3d 34s2 [Ar]3d 54s1 [Ar]3d 54s2 [Ar]3d 64s2 [Ar]3d 74s2 [Ar]3d 84s2 [Ar]3d 104s1 [Ar]3d 104s2 [Ar]3d 104s2p1 [Ar]3d 104s2p2 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p4 [Ar]3d 104s2p3 [Ar]3d 104s2p5 Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton 88.90585 91.224 92.90638 95.94 (97.9072) 101.07 102.90550 106.42 107.8582 112.411 114.818 118.710 121.757 127.60 126.90447 131.29 1526 39 1855 40 2477 41 2623 42 2157 43 2334 44 1964 45 1554.9 46 961.78 47 321.07 48 156.60 49 231.93 50 630.63 51 449.51 52 113.7 53 111.75 54 3336 4409 4744 4639 4265 4150 3695 2963 2162 767 2072 2602 1587 988 184.4 108.04 4.469 6.49 8.57 10.2 11.5 12.3 12.4 12.02 10.5 8.642 7.30 7.28 6.684 25o C 6.25 4.93 5.89 1.22 1.33 1.6 2.16 1.9 2.2 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.1 2.66 Y 3 Zr 4 Nb 3,5 2,3,4,5,6 Mo Tc 7 2,3,4,6,8 Ru Rh 2,3,4 Pd 2,4 Ag 1 Cd 2 In 3 Sn 2,4 Sb 3,5 Te 2,4,6 1,5,7 I Xe 6.38 6.84 6.9 7.099 7.28 7.37 7.46 8.34 7.576 8.993 5.786 7.344 8.641 9.009 10.451 12.130 [Kr]4d 15s2 [Kr]4d 25s2 [Kr]4d 45s1 [Kr]4d 55s1 [Kr]4d 55s2 [Kr]4d 75s1 [Kr]4d 85s1 [Kr]4d 10 [Kr]4d 105s1 [Kr]4d 105s2 [Kr]4d 105s2p1 [Kr]4d 105s2p2 [Kr]4d 105s2p3 [Kr]4d 105s2p4 [Kr]4d 105s2p5 [Kr]4d 105s2p6 Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon 138.9055 178.49 180.9479 183.84 186.207 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.96654 200.59 204.3833 207.2 208.98037 (208.9824) (209.9871) (222.0176) 920 57 2233 72 3017 73 3422 74 3186 75 3033 76 2446 77 1768.4 78 1064.18 79 38.83 80 304 81 327.46 82 271.40 83 254 84 85 302 71 86 3455 * 4603 5458 5555 5596 5012 4428 3825 2856 356.73 1473 1749 1564 962 337 61.7 6.146 13.31 16.6 19.35 20.5 22.61 22.65 21.45 19.31 13.546 11.85 11.34 9.78 9.196 9.73 1.10 1.3 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 2.20 2.28 2.54 2.00 2.04 2.33 2.02 2.0 2.2 La 3 Hf 4 Ta 5 2,3,4,5,6 1,2,4,6,7 2,3,4,6,8 2,3,4,6 W Re Os Ir Pt 2,4 Au 1,3 Hg 1,2 Tl 1,3 Pb 2,4 Bi 3,5 Po 2,4 1,3,5,7 At Rn 5.577 7.0 7.89 7.98 7.88 8.7 9.1 9.0 9.225 10.437 6.108 7.416 7.289 8.42 10.748 [Xe]5d 16s2 [Xe]4f 145d26s2 [Xe]4f 145d36s2 [Xe]4f 145d46s2 [Xe]4f 145d56s2 [Xe]4f 145d66s2 [Xe]4f 145d76s2 [Xe]4f 145d96s1 [Xe]4f 145d106s1 [Xe]4f 145d106s2 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p1 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p2 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p3 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p4 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p5 [Xe]4f 145d106s2p6 Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon (227.0278) (261) (262) (263) (262) 107 (265) 108 (266) 109 (269) (272) 111 (277) 112 113 (285) 114 115 (289) 116 117 (293) 1051 89 104 105 106 110 3198 10.07 1.1 Bh Hs Mt Uuu Uub Uut Uuq Uup Uuh Uus Ac 3 Rf 4 Db Sg ** Uun 6.9 [Rn]6d 17s2 [Rn]5f 146d27s2 [Rn]5f 146d37s2 [Rn]5f 146d47s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d57s2 [Rn]5f 146d77s2 [Rn]5f 146d97s1 [Rn]5f 146d107s1 [Rn]5f 146d107s2 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p2 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p4 [Rn]5f 146d107s27p6 Actinium Rutherfordium** Dubnium** Seaborgium** Bohrium** Hassium** Meitnerium** Ununnilium Unununium Ununbium Ununtrium Ununquadium Ununpentium Ununhexium Ununseptium Ununoctium 2 118 Uuo Source: Telford, M. "The Case for Bulk Metallic Glass." Materials Today 7, no. 3 (2004): 3643. Courtesy Elsevier, Inc., http://www.sciencedirect.com. Used with permission. Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
MIT OpenCourseWare http://ocw.mit.edu 3.091SC Introduction to Solid State Chemistry Fall 2009 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.