WASTE MANAGEMENT, A KEY ELEMENT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND RESOURCES CONSERVATION Paul H. Brunner Institute for Water Quality, Resources and Waste Management Vienna University of Technology 1040 Vienna, Karlsplatz 13/226, Austria CONTENT 1. What is the waste problem? 2. Objectives of waste management 3. Waste management strategies 4. The future: waste management, an integrated part of resource management Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 2/15
1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Large and growing material flows fluxes [t/(c.yr)] stocks [t] Prehistoric" Modern" off-gas 5,1 off-gas 19 food 6 excreta 0,8 all goods 86 sewage 61 stock <0,1 stock 260+3 solid waste 0.1 solid waste 3 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 3/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Changes in material flows: the case of construction materials Consumptin in the US in onnes per year 10 9 concrete (residential) 10 8 wood (residential) brick 10 7 10 6 10 5 10 4 10 3 wood (non-residential) steel (non-residential) glass steel (residential) lead plastics aluminum copper 10 2 1875 1895 1915 1935 1955 1975 Year Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 4/15
1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Large and growing flows of hazardous substances: Example of Lead global lead production [t/y] 10 2-3 1*10 9 global population 1*10 7 1*10 5 factor 10 6-7 1*10 3 10 4-5 1*10 1 1*10-1 per capita lead production 1*10-3 [g/c.y] 7000 5000 3000 1000 0 years before 1980 Source: Settle & Patterson Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 5/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Mainly linear material flows [t/c.y] air 36 43 off gas water sewage 147 144 2 fossil fuels 12-18 construction materials & consumer goods 4-10 stock: 350 t/c export goods solid wastes 3 3 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 6/15
[Mio.t] [Mio.t] 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Growing material stocks a resource for the future! Σ I import ~11 stock 1 184 Δ+3,2 Σ E export ~7,8 0,8 11 Primary production 2 production 4 consumption 3 344 44 6 0,3 2,7 1 Waste management 7 0,8 1,5 Pedo-/ Lithosphere 140* 0 4 disposal 350 300 250 geogenic Iron stock 350 300 250 anthropogenic Iron stock 344 200 150 100 140 200 150 100 194 50 0 40 0 2000 2050 2100 50 0 44 2000 2050 2100 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 7/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Consumption emissions surpassing production emissions Chromium [t/yr] 1,500 1,000 500 production emissions consumption emissions 0 1920 1940 1960 1980 Year Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 8/15
1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Consumption emissions versus production emissions product 85% [ % ] Zinc 99 % Zn-ash 7,6% Zamak 0.6 Fluidizer 0.4 Waste water Solid zinc 3.1 4.3% Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 9/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? 6. Man made material flows surpass geogenic flows geogenic anthropogenic A T M O S P H E R E 0,2 1,4 4 0,7 1,7 1 OCEAN 2 10.000 6 1 2 17 8 200 LITHOSPHERE 4 ANTHROPOSPHERE fluxes 10 3 t/a reservoir 10 3 t CRUST; SEDIMENT 1.000.000.000 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 10/15
1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? Source: Klee & Graedel, 2004 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 11/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? There are limits to dissipation!. Source: Nieman/Novartis; Döberl Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 12/15
1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? off-gas landfilled waste underground leachate ground water Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 13/15 1. WHAT IS THE WASTE PROBLEM? When are landfill leachates safe? [years] Belevi & Baccini (1989) Kruse (1994) Heyer et al. (1997) Krümpelbeck & Ehrig (2000) C org 500-1.700 - - - COD - 280 80-360 65-320 N ges 55-80 - - - TKN - 815 120-450 - NH 4 -N - - - decades to centuries Cl - 100-150 210 90-250 25-130 AOX - - 30-210 40-100 heavy metals - - - <10 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 14/15
2. GOALS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Goals 1. Protection of men and the environment 2. Conservation of resources 3. After-care-free landfills Precautionary principle: Waste of today s generation may not impose any economic or ecological burden on future generations Strategies to reach the goals: Prevention, recycling, disposal > no hierarchy! Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 15/15 2. GOALS OF WASTE MANAGEMENT Three objectives: clean cycles, final sinks, and low emissions A N T H R O P O S P H E R E Recycling materials 1 Production Consumption Waste Treatment Resources 3 Emissions 2 Landfill material Ore Deposit E N V I R O N M E N T Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 16/15
4. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES [cost/ton] source: Lohm et al., 1998 220 telecom 200 cable 180 160 140 120 power sewer 100 cables pipes 80 60 40 water pipes inhouse world market price 20 lead accumulators 0 0 5 000 10 000 15 000 20 000 25 000 30 000 35 000 availlable stock [tons] Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 17/15 3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Total import 2,600 kt/yr Raw material 1,100 Stock 17,000 kt + 1,000 kt/yr Duro- and polymers Primary processing 850 Total export 1,600 kt/yr Intermediate products 990 Plastic products 530 250 Duro- and polymers Product manufacturing 600 Plastic products Consumption Einsatz Stock: 7,100+400 Plastic products 420 210 Intermediate products 26 720 Wastes Source: R. Fehringer, 1998 Regranulate 26 Recycling collection, transporting, sorting 49 Wastes 71 Energy recovery Wastes 590 Wastes Landfill St.: 9,700+590 59 Off gas System Boundary "Austria" Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 18/15
3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Need for CLEAN CYCLES Material Total consumption [kt/yr] % in packaging material [kt/yr] Total stock Plastics 1,100 200 18 7,100 Softeners 14 0.2 2 140 Ba/Cd- stabilizers 0.27 0.0002 <1 2.6 Pb-stabilizers 1.8 0.002 <1 18 Fire retardants 2.3 0 ~0 22 [%] [kt] Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 19/15 3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Plastic recycling: the case of Cd 100% 0,15 plastic waste I Cadmium: Flows in t/yr, 1994 mechanical separation 0,01 waste 0,14 water n.d. shredder, extruder n.d. n.d. steam waste water 0,14 93 % secondary plastics Source: R. Fehringer, 1996 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 20/15
3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES three barrier principle envelope 2 pretreated waste 1 control device 3 2 underground ground water Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 21/15 3. WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES Need for final storage quality Lead Zinc Cadmium Mercury 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1,000 10,000 [mg/kg] earth crust HT-residue bottom ash MBT-residue MSW Döberl et al. (2001) Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 22/15
3. CONSEQUENCES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT 3,0 Globalization of waste management concepts Waste generation rate [kg/capita/day] 2,0 1,0 Vienna Damascus Dhaka 0,0 100 1,000 10,000 100,000 Gross Domestic Product GDP [ /capita] Source: Brunner & Fellner Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 23/15 3. CONSEQUENCES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT Globalization of waste management concepts 12% Collection + Transport Treatment Disposal 9% 9% 10% 0% 29% 59% 82% 90% Vienna 106 /capita/a Damascus 3.8 /capita/a Dhaka 0.7 /capita/a Source: Brunner & Fellner Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 24/15
3. THE FUTURE: WM AN INTEGRATED PART OF RM New engineering design criteria The future: waste management, an integrated part of resource management Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 25/15 4. THE FUTURE From waste management to resources management Important role of waste management: - supplying final sinks for hazardous or useless materials - cleaning material cycles A key element of a resource and waste management policy is a new knowledge base that integrates existing information about sources, paths and sinks of materials In order to reach the goals of waste management in the most economic way, waste management has to be complemented by resources management! Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 26/15
Thank you for the attention Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 27/15 Example paper RECYCLING REQUIRES SINKS Waste paper import 73 Waste paper 191 Production 454 Import 93 Export 368 MSW 48 86 Consumption Industry 81 131 179 Household 50? [kg/(c.yr)] 48 kg in 240 kg MSW -> > paper content 20% Export 13 Waste paper recycling 118 Data: Austrian Paper Industry, 1996 Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 28/15
[Mio.t] [Mio.t] THE STOCK AS A FUTURE WASTE AND RESURCE 0,8 11 primary prod 2 production 4 consumption 3344 6 0,3 2,7 1 waste management 7 0,8 pedo-/ lithosphere 140* 4 1,5 other disposal System iron in Austria" 350 300 250 geogenic iron reserve 350 300 250 anthropogenic iron stock 344 200 150 100 140 200 150 100 194 50 0 40 0 2000 2050 2100 50 0 44 2000 2050 2100 [year] [year] Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 29/15 The case of aluminum MINING LANDFILLS OR CITIES? Aluminum - stock [kg/c] 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 2000 2030 aluminum in packaging wastes: 1.9 kg/c.year = 3 % of total Al-turnover = 9% of Al-consumption 0 Waste landfills Red mud landfills Consumption stock Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 30/15
substancecontent substancecontent 3. CONSEQUENCES FOR WASTE MANAGEMENT Need for PRIORITY SETTING Industrial 5 Agriculture 1 processing/ 0.4 distribution Private household 4 0.6 0.4 Agricultural wastes Production wastes Sewage and MSW Phosphorus flow [kg/capita/year] Paul H. Brunner & Renata Bogucka 31/15