Regional Expert Group Meeting on Sustainable and Inclusive Transport Development & 2 nd Asia BRTS Conference 29 Sept.-1 Oct 2014, Ahmedabad, India Global and Regional Perspectives of Sustainable Transport Development Madan B. Regmi, DEng Transport Division UNESCAP, Bangkok 1
Outline United Nations Mandates Rio+20 Conference Outcome State of Transport in Asia Pattern of Urban Development Possible Policy Options Concluding Remarks 2
United Nations Mandates Global Rio+20, focus on three pillars of sustainability Economic Social Environmental Millennium Development Goals, 8 Kyoto Protocol new protocol by 2015 Regional Regional Action Programme for Transport Development, 2012-2016 (Ministerial Conference on Transport, 2012) Sustainable transport development (10 Thematic Areas) Forum of Asian Ministers of Transport, Nov. 2013 Sustainable Development Goals (beyond 2015) 3
Rio+20 Outcome Document (Transport) Transport and mobility are key to Sustainable Development Efficient movement of goods and people Energy efficient multimodal transport system Clean fuels and vehicles Integrated approach to planning Affordable and sustainable transport Sustainable transit transport- need of landlocked and transit countries Capacity development 4
Post 2015 Development Agenda Sustainable Development Goals Open Working Group, adopted 17 goals and 169 targets on 19 July 2014 and recommended to GA Inclusion of Transport in SDG: (11.2) by 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons (9.1) Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure (2.3) equal access to markets (2.a) increase investment in rural infrastructure (13.2) Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning SDG agreed by Sept. 2015
Growth of railways, road and vehicles 14% Growth Rate 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% China Iran Japan Kazakhstan ROK Pakistan Russian Federation Turkey Rail Lines (1990 2010) Road (1990 2010) Vehicles (1993 2008) 6
Pattern of Investment in Transport Avaition 0.3% Rail 10% ADB's Transport Investment (2007-12) Urban 9% Water 4% Others 1% World Bank's Investment in Transport (2007-12) Avaition 0.3% Urban 13% Water 3% Others 1% Road 76% Rail 17% Road 65.2% (ESCAP, 2013) Railway and water transport are more environmental friendly than roads Majority of investment is in roads Rail and Urban transport investment increasing Limited investment aviation, inland water transport and coastal shipping
Energy consumption Energy Consumption, Transport (ESCAP Countries) World-236.2 mil TOE ESCAP-64.8 mil TOE (27.4% of world) Thousand tons of oil equivalent 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Year 2007 2008 2009 2010 Other Rail Aviation Road Road- 81% Avaition-13% Rail- 4% Others- 2%
Transport emissions by modes, ESCAP Million tons of CO2 CO2 emission: By Mode of Transport, ESCAP Aviation Road Rail Others 20 15 10 5 Avaition 13% Transport CO2 Emissions, 2010 Rail 3% Others 1% Road 83% 0 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Inland Transport CO 2 Emission: Country Level Million Tons, 2010 Average increase, 2005-2010 1 Emission Per Capita, 20100 China Japan India Russian Federation Iran (Islamic Rep. of) Indonesia Republic of Korea Australia Thailand Malaysia Turkey Pakistan Viet Nam Philippines Kazakhstan New Zealand Singapore Bangladesh Sri Lanka Hong Kong, China Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Georgia Myanmar Nepal Cambodia Mongolia Armenia Brunei Darussalam DPR Korea Tajikistan 201.71 152.62 144.91 117.43 92.83 82.33 71.63 55.11 42.15 39.5 32.39 29.47 20.64 12.44 12.29 7.99 7.28 6.59 5.59 4.92 4.55 2.61 2.39 2.05 1.96 1.88 1.79 1.38 1.25 1.16 0.88 0.29 424.29 Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Nepal Armenia Bangladesh Viet Nam India Georgia Indonesia Kazakhstan China Cambodia Singapore Pakistan Turkey Brunei Darussalam Mongolia Russian Federation Sri Lanka Iran (Islamic Rep. of) Hong Kong, China Malaysia Turkmenistan Republic of Korea New Zealand Thailand Uzbekistan Azerbaijan Australia Philippines Japan DPR Korea Myanmar 22.67% 21.56% 18.91% 15.53% 13.33% 9.88% 9.67% 7.88% 7.47% 6.98% 6.80% 5.07% 4.68% 4.42% 4.40% 4.37% 4.08% 4.03% 3.32% 3.12% 3.03% 1.63% 1.17% 1.03% 0.79% 0.49% 0.36% 0.30% -0.09% -0.63% -1.76% -5.97% -10.01% Australia Brunei Darussalam New Zealand Republic of Korea Japan Iran (Islamic Rep. of) Singapore Malaysia Russian Federation Thailand Hong Kong, China Kazakhstan Turkey Mongolia Azerbaijan Kyrgyzstan Turkmenistan Georgia Armenia Indonesia Viet Nam Sri Lanka China Philippines Pakistan Uzbekistan India Cambodia Nepal Bangladesh Tajikistan Myanmar DPR Korea 3.20 2.90 2.81 1.70 1.58 1.58 1.57 1.49 1.01 0.83 0.79 0.78 0.55 0.51 0.50 0.49 0.47 0.47 0.42 0.39 0.33 0.32 0.31 0.22 0.19 0.18 0.13 0.12 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 Source: IEA, 2010
Growing pattern of urban development Half of world s people live in town and cities 90% of world s urban expansion in developing countries Unsustainable pattern of growth of big and megacities Cities account for more that 2/3 of energy use and GHG emissions Car centered developments Lack of affordable public transport Cost of congestion- 2-5% of GDP Issues of secondary and small sized cities 11
Policy options 12
What are possible Policy Options? Integrated transport planning Improvement of public transportation MRT, LRT, BRT, Public Bus Modal shift to energy efficient modes Technology, Hybrid, NMT Travel demand management Use of ICT, Compact city planning Congestion management Road pricing, car free areas/days Social inclusion Extend reach of transport to vulnerable groups Affordability 13
Concluding remarks Need to develop and implement policies Combination of policies essential to move towards sustainable & inclusive transport systems Many successful examples in Asia BRTs- Bangkok, India, Pakistan, China Transit Oriented Development Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan Compact city planning- Tianjin eco city Electronic Road Pricing - Singapore Electric vehicles and charging infrastructure Kanagawa, Goto Islands, Nagasaki, Shanghai, others city in Asia? NMT- focus on walking and cycling 14
regmi.unescap@un.org 15