Long term impact of soybean rust on the Midwest corn-soybean rotation system Gary Munkvold, Associate Professor and Seed Science Endowed Chair Dept. of Plant Pathology, Iowa State University
Outline Factors affecting corn-soybean ratios Potential magnitude of acreage shifts Corn-corn production issues Yield Insects & diseases Weed management Tillage practices & fertilization Potential benefits to acreage shifts? Soybean production Implications Corn management decisions & tools
Factors affecting corn-soybean acreage ratio Corn price Soybean price Corn production cost Soybean production cost Yield
Corn-soybean acreage ratio in Iowa Ratio has dropped long-term due to soybean adoption Ratio has increased since 2000 Corn acres Soybean acres Ratio 20000 14000 1.4 2 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 2000 1981 1982 2001 1983 1984 1985 2002 1986 1987 2003 1988 1989 1990 2004 1991 1992 2005 1993 1994 1995 2006 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Acres (x 1000) Corn/soybean ratio 13500 13000 12500 12000 11500 11000 10500 10000 9500 9000 8500 1.3 1.2 1.1 1 0.9 Acres (x 1000) Corn/soybean ratio 8000 0.8 0
Crop rotation practices for corntop 10 corn states
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Crop rotation practices for Iowa corn Corn-soybean Corn-corn Source: USDA-ERS
Courtesy of Robert Wisner, Iowa State University
Corn-on corn issues Ave. yield (bu/acre) 260 240 220 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 MN AL IN TN IA NY MN- WI Erickson and Lowenberg-DeBoer, 2005 Yield Corn-soybean KY WI WI WI WI NE MN MN WI SD NY NJ IL NE NE IN IN NE NE Study location Continuous corn 24 of 26 studies showed reduced yields for continuous corn Average reduction was 9% (range 0 to 23%) 2 nd year corn yields reduced in 9 of 9 studies (not shown)
Corn-on corn issues Yield Table 5. Yield advantage of corn following soybeans over corn following corn at different yield levels*. Fouryear study at Waseca, MN. Source: University of Minnesota. Butzen, 2006 Corn-after-corn yield Corn yield increase when following soybeans vs. corn Bushels per acre -------% ------ 110 32 29 120 17 14 140 24 17 155 25 16 165 12 7 180 5 3 200 5 2.5 *Nitrogen levels were 200 lb/acre.
Corn-on corn issues Corn rootworms Most important pests of corn ($1 billion/yr) Most problems are on corn following corn Transgenic resistance ~35% of corn producers Likely or Very likely to adopt rootworm resistant corn (Payne et al., 2003) Results (con t) Q. During 2005, what management practices did you use to prevent corn rootworm injury and how many hectares did you manage with each practice? Management Practice Practice Used Mean Hectares Crop rotation 76.8% 197 (n=446) Soil-applied insecticide 43.7% 190 (n=257) Seed-applied insecticide 26.2% 143 (n=151) Transgenic rootworm corn 22.8% 76 (n=137) Adult beetle spray (insecticide) 4.2% 100 (n=26) Other (please specify) 1.1% 121 (n=5) Rice et al., 2006
Corn-on corn issues Disease occurrence Diseases documented to be more severe in corn following corn Seedling diseases Gray leaf spot Northern leaf blight Diplodia stalk & ear rot Gibberella stalk & ear rot Anthracnose stalk rot & leaf blight Foliar fungicide use?
Corn-on corn issues Disease occurrence Harvest season extension Increases lodging risk Increases ear rot & mycotoxin risk
Corn-on corn issues Weed management Fewer herbicide options; fewer strategic options Soil-applied herbicide efficacy issues with high levels of residue Hasten the trend toward glyphosateresistant corn Additional herbicide resistance options needed
Corn-on corn issues Weed management Herbicide resistant corn in Iowa % of Acres 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Herbicide Res. Stacked 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Corn-on corn issues Stand establishment Corn into corn residue vs. soybean residue Slower warming and drying Residue can interfere with planter Seedling pathogens more prevalent Secondary insect problems Longer planting window needed (even earlier start)
Table 1. Influence of previous crop and tillage on residue cover, soil temperature, and corn grain yield. Source: University of Wisconsin three-year study. Residue Cover (%)* Soil Temperature ( F)** Grain Yield (Bu/acre) Previous Crop Plow No-Till Plow No-Till Plow No-till Soybean 2 31 65 63 173 176 Corn 5 69 65 58 162 149 Butzen, 2006 * At planting. ** Mid-day, in-row temperature at seed depth, averaged for seven days after planting.
Corn-on corn issues Tillage practices Corn-on-corn yield reduction is worse with conservation tillage Moldboard plow, 3% reduction Chisel plow, 5% reduction No-till, 18% reduction (Indiana, Nielsen et al., 2006) Corn planter and herbicide efficacy issues with high levels of residue Compaction due to traffic on slow drying soils Trend toward more tillage?
Corn-on corn issues Fertilization practices 30-50 lbs additional N per acre in cornon-corn Production cost; environmental cost N side-dress window may be too narrow Differing P and K requirements
Benefits to soybean productivity Lower exposure to soybean rust losses Better management of soybean diseases Cyst nematode Sudden death syndrome Brown stem rot Frogeye & other leaf spots Overall root health
Needed tools for managing corn-on-corn acres Range of hybrid choices with insect-resistance genes Alternatives for herbicide resistance genes Early-season stress tolerance traits Improved disease resistance Seedling disease resistance Stalk rots, leaf diseases, some ear rots Effective seed treatment package (fungicide/insecticide) Creative tillage options Dry-down trait?
Summary Soybean rust may be one factor driving a trend toward more corn & less beans Potential for corn production challenges and environmental issues Corn management practices will adjust Tillage & fertilization Weed management Corn hybrid options will need to adjust Increased demand for transgenic corn hybrids Increased need for improved disease resistance and other stress adaptation traits in corn
References Nielsen et al., 2006. Mitigate the downside risks of corn following corn http://www.kingcorn.org/news/articles.06/cornaftercorn-1121.pdf Butzen, 2006. Best management practices for corn-after-corn production https://www.pioneer.com/growingpoint/agronomy/library_corn/mana gement/corn_follow_corn.jsp Erickson and Lowenberg-DeBoer, 2005. Crop rotation literature review http://www/agecon.purdue.edu/pdf/crop_rotation_lit_review.pdf